Жираф, которого двор Юнлэ принял за цилиня

Живой жираф прибыл ко двору династии Мин в 1414 году, а на следующий год, в 1415-м, в Китай доставили второе животное.
При дворе животное приняли за цилиня — существо, которое, согласно классическим текстам, появлялось лишь тогда, когда на троне восседал мудрый правитель.
Император Юнлэ повелел придворным художникам запечатлеть церемонию подношения, а академик Ханьлиня Шэнь Ду написал оду благовещему цилиню, которую переписали прямо на картину.
На самом деле это был жираф, животное родом из Африки; французский учёный Ферран предположил, что китайское название происходит от сомалийского слова giri.
Император Юнлэ пришёл к власти силой оружия, в эпоху, когда благие знамения были неотъемлемой частью имперской политической риторики.
Ни одна из сторон не освещает это как новость. Эпизод всплывает по случаю — выставки, юбилейной лекции, речи посла — и появляется вместе с этим поводом.

Хронология

2005-04-05 – 2025-10-18

китайская сторонавнешняя сторона

китайская сторона: 16 материалов / внешняя сторона: 11 материалов · всего 27 независимых материалов

Ракурсы

Q:Называют ли по имени кого-то со стороны дарителя?

10/16

китайская сторона

Страна, а не человек

8/11

внешняя сторона

Страна, а не человек

Язык минских хроник приписывает действие Бенгалии или Малинди и их послам, при этом называя по имени Юнлэ, Чжэн Хэ, художников и учёных, причастных к церемонии приёма. В этих рассказах отправляющей стороной обычно выступает государство, титул правителя или коллективное посольство, а дань, как правило, фиксируется без указания того, кто именно её отправил лично.

Малинди фигурирует как послы, «люди из Малинди», султан или местный царь; личные имена присваиваются Чжэн Хэ и современным историкам, восстанавливающим картину встречи. Дипломатическую роль обычно исполняет титул или коллектив, а человек, стоящий за подарком, как правило, остаётся безымянным.

Подробности

#3Совпадениеслабоуникальный

Q:Называют ли по имени кого-то со стороны дарителя?

ответили 16/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

10 · 62%Страна, а не человек8 · 73%

3 · 19%По имени названа только китайская сторона2 · 18%

3 · 19%Правитель-отправитель назван по имени1 · 9%

Q:Кого цитируют, когда рассказывают эту историю?

11/15

китайская сторона

Учёные с обеих сторон

8/11

внешняя сторона

Учёные с обеих сторон

Интерпретационную работу выполняют названные по имени специалисты: исследователи Чжэн Хэ объясняют, почему эта дань имела значение, директора музеев изучают документальные записи, а авторы научных публикаций трактуют эпизод через призму минских текстов. Их экспертиза превращает хроники и предметы в осмысленный рассказ о дипломатии и её значении.

Историки и археологи выдвигают утверждения о маршруте, его интерпретации и контактах между Китаем и Африкой через книги, статьи в журналах и цитируемые исследования. Новостные сообщения наследуют как аргументы, так и их неопределённость из этих опубликованных источников, так что именно научное цитирование становится механизмом, переносящим давний эпизод в современный рассказ.

Подробности

#2Совпадениесильностандартный

Q:Кого цитируют, когда рассказывают эту историю?

ответили 15/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

11 · 73%Учёные и исследователи8 · 73%

4 · 27%Письменные источники и записи1 · 9%

Никто не назван по имени1 · 9%

Официальное лицо1 · 9%

Q:Как жираф добрался до Китая?

9/14

китайская сторона

Послы доставили его ко двору

7/9

внешняя сторона

Флот доставил его домой

Животное отправляется в путь по царскому повелению: правитель Бенгалии направляет послов с грамотой, а Малинди посылает послов после визита Чжэн Хэ. Сообщения прослеживают дипломатическую миссию отправителя вплоть до подношения ко двору, возлагая ответственность за последний отрезок пути на посольство.

Послы Малинди прибывают в Бенгалию с жирафами; как только одного из них передают, движущей силой на пути в Китай становится Чжэн Хэ или один из его капитанов. Начиная повествование с этой передачи и заканчивая прибытием животного на родину, сообщения возлагают решающую роль в перевозке на флот.

Подробности

#1Расхождениесильноуникальный

Q:Как жираф добрался до Китая?

ответили 14/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 9/11

2 · 14%Флот доставил его домой7 · 78%

9 · 64%Послы доставили его ко двору1 · 11%

3 · 21%Послы плыли вместе с флотом

Иначе, или не указано1 · 11%

Данные вопросов и ответов

Q: Как жираф добрался до Китая?#1Расхождениесильнорекомендуем

ответили 14/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 9/11

2 · 14%Флот доставил его домой7 · 78%

9 · 64%Послы доставили его ко двору1 · 11%

3 · 21%Послы плыли вместе с флотом

Иначе, или не указано1 · 11%

Q: Кого цитируют, когда рассказывают эту историю?#2Совпадениесильнорекомендуем

ответили 15/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

11 · 73%Учёные и исследователи8 · 73%

4 · 27%Письменные источники и записи1 · 9%

Никто не назван по имени1 · 9%

Официальное лицо1 · 9%

Q: Называют ли по имени кого-то со стороны дарителя?#3Совпадениеслаборекомендуем

ответили 16/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

10 · 62%Страна, а не человек8 · 73%

3 · 19%По имени названа только китайская сторона2 · 18%

3 · 19%Правитель-отправитель назван по имени1 · 9%

Q: Должны ли мы сегодня что-то из этого извлечь?#4Нет закономерности

ответили 2/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 2/11

Урок, который стоит извлечь2 · 100%

1 · 50%Защита жирафов

1 · 50%Увидеть своими глазами

Q: Действительно ли минский двор считал его цилинем?#5Нет закономерности

ответили 11/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 9/11

5 · 45%Его действительно приняли за цилиня5 · 56%

4 · 36%Двор действовал осознанно1 · 11%

2 · 18%И верили, и использовали1 · 11%

Император не придавал этому значения2 · 22%

Q: Говорится ли в рассказе о том, что плавания прекратились, и как именно?#6Нет закономерности

ответили 3/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 5/11

1 · 33%Китай замкнулся в себе3 · 60%

2 · 67%Констатируется, без оценки

Противодействие при дворе и издержки2 · 40%

Q: Связывают ли эту историю с современными отношениями Китая и Африки?#7Нет закономерности

ответили 12/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 10/11

7 · 58%Другая связь с современностью4 · 40%

1 · 8%Связано с сегодняшними проектами2 · 20%

2 · 17%Связь с современностью не проведена1 · 10%

Тогда и теперь: контраст2 · 20%

1 · 8%Начало дружбы1 · 10%

1 · 8%Доказательство мирного характера обмена

Q: Чья это заслуга, что жираф оказался в Китае?#8Нет закономерности

ответили 16/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 10/11

7 · 44%Правитель Бенгалии1 · 10%

Послы, которые его подарили5 · 50%

3 · 19%Правитель Малинди3 · 30%

2 · 12%Сам Чжэн Хэ1 · 10%

3 · 19%Флот в целом

1 · 6%Император Юнлэ

Q: Это был один жираф или несколько за разные годы?#9Нет закономерности

ответили 15/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 10/11

7 · 47%Только одно прибытие, и не больше5 · 50%

7 · 47%Три и более, все перечислены1 · 10%

1 · 7%Повторные прибытия, без счёта2 · 20%

Два прибытия, различённых между собой2 · 20%

Q: Какими словами описывают животное и сам обмен?#10Нет закономерности

ответили 16/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

7 · 44%Язык дани

2 · 12%Язык пропаганды3 · 27%

Язык подарков3 · 27%

1 · 6%Язык дружбы2 · 18%

1 · 6%Простое описание, без оценки2 · 18%

2 · 12%Язык ошибочного отождествления1 · 9%

3 · 19%Язык благих знамений

Q: Что случилось дальше, после прибытия животного?#11Нет закономерности

ответили 15/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 8/11

10 · 67%Оды, картины, церемонии1 · 12%

2 · 13%За ним последовали и другие животные2 · 25%

1 · 7%Ничего не последовало2 · 25%

2 · 13%Название закрепилось

Связь, что сохраняется до сих пор1 · 12%

Это укрепило позиции императора1 · 12%

Торговые привилегии взамен1 · 12%

Q: Откуда взялся жираф и кто его отправил?#12Нет закономерности

ответили 15/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

4 · 27%Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье4 · 36%

1 · 7%Африка, через Бенгалию5 · 45%

5 · 33%Только Бенгалия, и не дальше1 · 9%

4 · 27%Несколько прибытий, различённых между собой

1 · 7%Где-то в Африке1 · 9%

Q: О чём эта история на самом деле?#13Нет закономерности

ответили 16/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 11/11

2 · 12%Случай ошибочного отождествления5 · 45%

2 · 12%Дипломатический жест4 · 36%

3 · 19%Доказательство того, что они встречались2 · 18%

3 · 19%Выставка или реликвия

3 · 19%Трон, нуждавшийся в знамении

2 · 12%Само животное

1 · 6%Знак благого правления

Q: Объясняется ли в рассказе, почему жирафа приняли за цилиня?#14Нет закономерности

ответили 16/16китайская сторонавнешняя сторонаответили 10/11

5 · 31%Совпадало с классическим описанием5 · 50%

6 · 38%Объяснение не дано4 · 40%

4 · 25%И описание, и название вместе

Его африканское название звучало похоже1 · 10%

1 · 6%Дано иное объяснение

Облако понятий

Как часто каждая сторона упоминает ключевые понятия.

16 независимых материаловкитайская сторона

Жираф как цилинь75.0%Дань жирафом от Бенгалии68.8%Картина цилиня кисти Шэнь Ду25.0%Этимология слова «жираф»25.0%Знак цилиня на чиновничьих одеждах25.0%Празднование юбилея Чжэн Хэ18.8%Другие животные, поднесённые в дань18.8%Повторные подношения цилиня18.8%Нарратив о китайско-африканской дружбе12.5%Европейская жирафовая дипломатия12.5%Дар жирафа от Малинди12.5%Зоологические знания эпохи Мин12.5%Памятные места Чжэн Хэ12.5%Конец плаваний Чжэн Хэ12.5%Слово «жираф» в восточноазиатских языках12.5%Знамения небесного мандата12.5%Торговля фарфором12.5%Эволюция образа цилиня в разные династии12.5%Мифология цилиня12.5%Церемония приёма дани12.5%

внешняя сторона11 независимых материалов

81.8%Жираф как цилинь72.7%Дар жирафа от Малинди36.4%Конец плаваний Чжэн Хэ27.3%Картина цилиня кисти Шэнь Ду27.3%Политическая легитимность Юнлэ27.3%Другие животные, поднесённые в дань18.2%Дань жирафом от Бенгалии18.2%Китайские артефакты, найденные в Восточной Африке18.2%Конфуцианский скептицизм в отношении знамений18.2%Европейская жирафовая дипломатия18.2%Чжэн Хэ опередил европейских мореплавателей18.2%Мусульманская идентичность Чжэн Хэ18.2%Биография Чжэн Хэ

Поиск

Поиск по данным материалов по ключевым словам (текст статей не включён).

материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2024-07-03	Послы доставили его ко двору	The piece quotes the Ming History account: Bengal's successor king sent envoys who reached the Ming court and presented tribute including a qilin in Yongle 12 (1414).
2019-09-20	Послы доставили его ко двору	Bengal's king Saifuddin sent envoys who presented the qilin tribute at the Ming court in Yongle 12 (1414).
2025-06-17	Послы доставили его ко двору	A museum scroll is described as depicting Bengal presenting the qilin tribute to the Ming court, i.e. an embassy that reached and presented at court. Заметки: Article text (bjd_cn) is rendered three times by show_cluster.py under different paragraph splits (P01 flat, P02 flat duplicate, P03+ real paragraphs); anchored here to the P03+ segmentation. The two flat duplicates (P01/P02) end with copyright/contact residue ('来源：北京晚报...联系电话：010-85202353') that the real P03+ segmentation does not carry — flagging both the triplication and the surviving residue as upstream defects, not anchoring on either.
2005-04-05	Послы доставили его ко двору	For the 1415 Malindi giraffe, Malindi sent envoys who led it overland to Beijing and presented it to Yongle. Заметки: Piece separately gives different transits for later giraffes it names: a Hormuz envoy who 'accompanied the returning fleet home' during Zheng He's 5th voyage (P06:S03), one bought directly by the fleet at Aden in 1421/1422 (P06:S04), and another bought by the fleet in 1431 (P06:S05) — recorded here per the question's own guidance to name the others rather than pick one category for the whole piece.
2015-03-24	Послы доставили его ко двору	Bengal's king sent envoys who came to China to present the qilin to Yongle in 1414.
2015-04-24	Послы доставили его ко двору	For the 1414 Bengal giraffe, the piece says the king sent envoys by sea who presented tribute and gave thanks at court, i.e. the embassy itself made the journey; it separately notes Bengal's king had first acquired the giraffe from Africa via Arab trading ships before dispatching the embassy. Заметки: Piece also gives two competing scholarly theories for how the giraffe itself reached Bengal (Bengal's envoys bought it in Africa; or Chinese fleet suggested the identification to the Bengal king who then sourced one) — recorded here, not counted as separate transit categories since they precede the diplomatic leg to China.
2022-03-06	Послы доставили его ко двору	For the 1414 Bengal giraffe, the piece says Bengal 'came to court' and presented the qilin. Заметки: Piece separately describes Hormuz's tribute (undated, within Zheng He's voyages) as envoys who 'followed along with the returning treasure ships' (差头目跟同回洋宝船，进献朝廷, P04:S04) and, per 巩珍《西洋番国志》, 'sent envoys aboard the treasure ships' (遣使宝舡, P04:S08) — both closer to embassy_sailed_with_the_fleet, named here rather than forced onto the 1414/1415 giraffe's own category.
2025-07-11	Послы доставили его ко двору	States the giraffe tribute began when Bengal dispatched envoys who presented it as tribute — the sender's own embassy made the journey. Заметки: A separate, more general passage (P05S01) says the fleet 'brought back' giraffes among many treasures; that is a summary claim about the voyages overall, not a giraffe-specific transit mechanism.
2019-05-19	Послы доставили его ко двору	For the 1414 giraffe, states a Bengal tribute embassy travelled to the Ming court and presented the animal to the Yongle emperor in person. Заметки: Later instances differ: the fourth (1421-22) tribute is instead described as purchased at Aden by an envoy Zheng He's fleet dispatched (purchased_by_the_fleet), and purchasing continued on the seventh voyage (1430) at Mecca — recording the 1414 giraffe's transit here per the question's guidance and naming the others.
2015-12-07	Послы плыли вместе с флотом	The piece says the Malindi king sent envoys who travelled together with Zheng He's fleet to China, presenting the emperor a giraffe as a gift on arrival.
2016-01-26	Послы плыли вместе с флотом	The piece says Malindi's envoys accompanied Zheng He's mission (随郑和使团) to the Ming court to present the qilin as tribute.
2025-10-18	Послы плыли вместе с флотом	The piece says Western Ocean countries, including Bengal, sent giraffes as tribute accompanying the treasure fleet's return to China; it separately notes the fleet itself purchased a qilin/giraffe at Aden. Заметки: Same paragraph also states the fleet bought a giraffe directly at Aden (CN_e272f5c2:P36:S02, purchased_by_the_fleet) and that Hormuz's king sent an envoy who followed the treasure ships (P36:S04); no explicit transit is given for the Bengal 1414 giraffe specifically beyond '贡麦麟等物', so the embassy-accompanies-fleet reading is inferred from the surrounding pattern the piece sets up in P36:S03.
2023-07-19	Флот доставил его домой	The piece says the giraffe, a gift from Bengal's ruler Saif al-Din Hamzah Shah, came to Beijing following Zheng He's treasure ships on his voyage to the western seas.
2017-07-03	Флот доставил его домой	Zheng He, returning from his western voyage, obtained the giraffe from Malindi and carried it home on his fleet; the piece says he brought back two giraffes altogether (one died en route).
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2023-02-28	Флот доставил его домой	The piece says the Malindi people presented Zheng He with two giraffes during his visit, which he took back with him; his ships carried the gift home.
2015-03-11	Флот доставил его домой	The piece says a giraffe, a gift to the Chinese emperor, was rumored to have been aboard one of Zheng He's own ships when it sank en route to China. Заметки: Heavily hedged ('is rumored', 'No one knows for certain if the sunken ship was even part of Zheng He's fleet') and describes a giraffe that never actually completed the journey — a distinct, uncertain variant from the canonical delivered-giraffe accounts elsewhere in the topic.
2013-10-01	Флот доставил его домой	Zheng He's fleet met Malindi's envoys in Bengal in 1414, was given one of their tribute giraffes, and the Chinese fleet took it home. Заметки: A second giraffe is said to have been 'sent' by Malindi to China a year later (P02:S04); its transit mode is not specified.
2017-06-21	Флот доставил его домой	The piece says Zheng He met envoys from Malindi in Bengal, who had brought giraffes as tribute; the Chinese were given one and took it home on the fleet.
2021-10-29	Флот доставил его домой	Zheng He met Malindi envoys in Bengal in 1414, was given one of their two tribute giraffes, and carried it back to Emperor Yongle himself.
2018-08-30	Флот доставил его домой	Malindi's men brought giraffes as tribute and gave one to the Chinese, 'who took it home' on the fleet. Заметки: A second giraffe sent by Malindi about a year later 'at the request of Zheng He' (P05:S01) has no transit detail given.
2019-09-18	Флот доставил его домой	The piece says a contingent split off to Bengal, where one of Zheng He's captains received a giraffe, implying the fleet itself acquired and carried the animal.
2017-09-22	Послы доставили его ко двору	The piece says Malindi's kingdom then sent a delegation to China to donate the giraffe to the Chinese emperor, i.e. the sender's own envoys made the journey.
2016-12-15	Иначе, или не указано	The piece says the giraffe travelled to China by sea, transported by Arab traders from East Africa to the Red Sea port of Aden and then via Mabar/Malabar to China. Заметки: An Arab-trader-mediated sea route does not cleanly fit any of fleet_carried_it_home, tributary_embassy_travelled_to_court, embassy_sailed_with_the_fleet or purchased_by_the_fleet, so bucketed unclear rather than forced into a mismatching category.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2024-07-03	Учёные и исследователи	An academic byline (a Chinese University of Hong Kong professor) citing Shuowen Jiezi, the Spring and Autumn Annals, Yang Bojun's commentary, the History of Ming and the annotated Yingya Shenglan. Заметки: Author identified only in the closing line; no interviewed speaker anywhere.
2015-12-07	Учёные и исследователи	Quotes museum and archaeology officials from both countries — Zhang Wei and Zhao Jiabin of China's National Museum, Yasmin Hussein of the National Museums of Kenya, Lamu Museum's Gallegalo Rashid Abdi — plus President Kenyatta on the port. Заметки: Also foreign_government (Kenyatta). This is the only cluster in the corpus that quotes named Kenyans.
2016-01-26	Учёные и исследователи	Quotes the cultural writer Bo Yang calling Zheng He China's first navigation hero; the giraffe section itself cites no source.
2005-04-05	Учёные и исследователи	Built almost entirely on one named scholar, Zheng Yijun, described as a well-known Zheng He researcher; Ming-era texts (Shen Du's ode, Xia Yuanji's rhapsody) are quoted through him. Заметки: Speakers: 郑一钧 (expert_academic). Ming written sources cited: 沈度《瑞应麒麟颂》, 夏元吉《麒麟赋》 — bucketed as citations, not speakers.
2017-05-10	Учёные и исследователи	Quotes Nanjing heritage people throughout: Zhao Zhigang of the Nanjing Zheng He Research Institute, Su Zhen of the Jinghai temple museum, Liu Wenqing of the tomb park, and Zheng Zihai, a descendant of the admiral's line. Заметки: Zheng Zihai speaks as a family descendant (citizen_worker in the speaker vocabulary) but the dominant category is expert_academic.
2015-03-24	Учёные и исследователи	Quotes Wang Tao of the Nanjing Museum walking reporters through the exhibits, and Professor He Yun'ao on Nanjing's place in maritime history.
2015-04-24	Учёные и исследователи	Built on an interview with Quan Hong, director of the Nanyue King Palace Museum in Guangzhou, who is quoted throughout; he in turn cites the History of Ming and the French scholar Ferrand. Заметки: Speaker: 全洪 (expert_academic, museum director). Cited: 《明史》, 费琅 (Gabriel Ferrand).
2022-03-06	Учёные и исследователи	Cites texts and one modern foreign scholar: Ma Huan, Gong Zhen, the History of Ming, Xie Zhaozhe, Zhu Yunming, and the French Iranologist Aly Mazahéri on Ming envoys as a travelling circus. Заметки: The only living-scholar authority is cited through a book (Mazahéri); Ming sources are citations, not speakers.
2025-07-11	Учёные и исследователи	Quotes Zheng Kuantao, a Zheng He researcher and descendant, who explains why overseas states sent giraffes as 'qilin' and details the animals, plants and place names the voyages left behind. Заметки: Also cites Ming scholar Gu Qiyuan's 客座赘语 and a Qing-era poem by Zhou Baoying as historical written sources rather than live speakers (per rubric, pre-modern written sources are cited authorities, bucketed as other); Zheng Kuantao is the foregrounded live voice.
2019-05-19	Учёные и исследователи	Cites French scholar Aly Mazahéri's book on Ming tribute-animal practices as its main external authority. Заметки: Also cites several historical written sources — the Song-era 续博物志, the 天妃灵应之记碑 stele, and Zheng He companion Fei Xin's 星槎胜览 — bucketed as other per rubric (pre-modern written sources are cited authorities, not speakers), named here rather than double-categorised.
2025-10-18	Учёные и исследователи	The piece is itself a named professor's lecture (Zhang Jian of Sichuan University) and cites the maritime historian Feng Chengjun plus Ming sources Yingya Shenglan, Xingcha Shenglan, Xiyang Fanguo Zhi and the Changle stele.
2019-09-20	Письменные источники и записи	Cites the voyage chroniclers Fei Xin and Ma Huan and the History of Ming, plus unnamed 'some scholars'; no living speaker is quoted, though an academic reference list closes the piece. Заметки: expert_academic appears only as the anonymous 有学者认为 at P09:S01.
2025-06-17	Письменные источники и записи	Cites objects and records rather than speakers: the National Museum's scroll, Zheng He's bronze bell, an Indonesian spear and a Ming printed romance.
2023-07-19	Письменные источники и записи	Cites texts only — Shuowen, the Book of Songs, Zizhi Tongjian, and Shen Du's ode quoted at length; the byline is a staff writer, and no person is interviewed. Заметки: Anchors deliberately avoid the page's trailing source-credit and copyright lines, which survived stripping.
2017-07-03	Письменные источники и записи	Cites written sources rather than living speakers: Ma Huan's Yingya Shenglan, the History of Ming, Shen Du's ode, Xie Zhaozhe's Wuzazu. Заметки: No contemporary speaker is quoted anywhere; the authorities are all Ming-era texts.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2023-02-28	Учёные и исследователи	Cites one book: Philip Snow's The Star Raft, comparing Zheng He to Columbus and reading the voyages as reasserting the Middle Kingdom.
2016-12-15	Учёные и исследователи	Cites the sinologist Berthold Laufer repeatedly, plus the Ming chronicler Ma Huan, Marco Polo, Thevet, Topsell and a UN report on giraffe extinction risk.
2015-03-11	Учёные и исследователи	Cites named academics on both sides of the Indian Ocean — Peking University's Li Anshan, the Somali-Swedish archaeologist Sada Mire, Indiana University's Ian MacIntosh — and Chinese imperial archives.
2013-10-01	Учёные и исследователи	Quotes Dale Peterson's book, the Oxford scholar Sally Church in The Medieval History Journal, and the historian Samuel Wilson in Natural History.
2017-06-21	Учёные и исследователи	Built entirely on other writers: the historian Sally K. Church quoted at length, Sarah Zielinski of Science News, Rachel Nuwer and National Geographic. Заметки: other_media is equally present (Science News, National Geographic quoted by name); the authority carrying the argument is Church.
2021-10-29	Учёные и исследователи	The author is the writer of the libretto's poems and names his collaborators — Ari Sitas of Cape Town, Sumangala Damodaran of Ambedkar University, Neo Muyanga, Sazi Dlamini — as the Insurrections Ensemble. Заметки: Speakers are the artists themselves; no historian is quoted.
2017-09-22	Учёные и исследователи	Cites Beijing scholars who published a volume on the voyages, a historian named Wang Ming, and archaeologists who found Chinese coins at Mambrui. Заметки: 'Wang Ming' is not further identified and could not be verified; recorded as the page has it.
2018-08-30	Учёные и исследователи	Cites the historian Sally Church at length from The Medieval History Journal and Dale Peterson's Giraffe Reflections, plus unattributed 'historical accounts'. Заметки: Both authorities are the same ones the Smithsonian and Science News clusters lean on; no African source is cited.
2019-09-18	Никто не назван по имени	Cites no one by name in the giraffe passage; the article's authorities are unattributed historical summary plus oral tradition and a DNA test on Lamu Island. Заметки: Chosen over 'other' because the sourcing is explicitly unattributed claim and oral tradition rather than a cited document.
2025-06-08	Официальное лицо	One speaker again: ambassador Guo, reflecting on 600 years of ties at the event.
2020-05-05	Письменные источники и записи	Quotes the voyage chronicler Ma Huan directly on what he saw.

материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2025-04-02	Страна, а не человек	Names only Chinese figures — Zheng He, and the Ming compilers Wang Qi and Wang Siyi — while the sending countries appear as an unnamed plural. Заметки: The sending side appears only as 'the countries the fleet passed through', which presented exotic beasts; no state, ruler or envoy is named, while Zheng He and the Ming compilers Wang Qi and Wang Siyi are.
2015-12-07	Страна, а не человек	The 1415 sender is 'the king of Malindi', unnamed; the named Africans in the piece are living Kenyan museum officials and the president, not anyone in the story.
2016-01-26	Страна, а не человек	Malindi appears as a country sending envoys, unnamed; Zhu Di and Shen Du are named.
2025-06-17	Страна, а не человек	Bengal appears only as a country; no person on the sending side, while Zheng He and the Yongle emperor are named.
2005-04-05	Страна, а не человек	The African side appears only as '麻林国使者' — the Malindi envoys, unnamed — while the Chinese cast is named: the Yongle emperor, Shen Du, Xia Yuanji.
2017-05-10	Страна, а не человек	The sender is 'the king of Bengal', untitled by name; every named person is Chinese, living or Ming.
2015-03-24	Страна, а не человек	The sender is 'the king of Bengal', unnamed; the named people are the Ming duke Xu Fu, the curator and the professor.
2015-04-24	Страна, а не человек	The Bengali side appears as 'the king of Bengal' and 'the new king' without a name, and the Malindi side only as a place; the named people are all Chinese or European scholars. Заметки: Sender is titled but not named — the closest this cluster comes to naming is 'the new king of Bengal'.
2022-03-06	Страна, а не человек	Names a long Chinese cast of emperor, painters, ministers and chroniclers, and leaves every sender as a state — the king of Hormuz, Bengal, Malindi — with no person named.
2025-10-18	Страна, а не человек	Names only Chinese and European scholars and the Ming chroniclers; senders appear as the kings of Hormuz, Aden and Bengal without names. Заметки: Senders appear as the kings of Hormuz, Aden and Bengal, titled but unnamed; the named people are all Chinese chroniclers and modern scholars.
2023-07-19	По имени названа только китайская сторона	Names Zhu Di and Shen Du; there is no sending party in the text at all, named or collective.
2025-07-11	По имени названа только китайская сторона	Names only Chinese-side actors — the Yongle emperor (as 朱棣) and researcher Zheng Kuantao — while the foreign sender appears only as '榜葛剌国', a country name, with no individual ruler or envoy named.
2017-07-03	По имени названа только китайская сторона	Names the Chinese cast — the Yongle emperor, Zheng He, Ma Huan, Shen Du, Dong Zhongshu — and gives the African side no person at all, only Malindi as a place and the Somali word for the animal.
2024-07-03	Правитель-отправитель назван по имени	Names the Bengal king Ghiyasuddin as the ruler who opened the tribute missions, alongside Shen Du and the Chinese commentators. Заметки: The 1414 mission itself is 'they'; the named ruler is the one who began the missions in 1408. The painting is described as showing 'a foreign envoy leading a tribute animal' — unnamed.
2019-09-20	Правитель-отправитель назван по имени	Names the sender: 榜葛剌国王赛弗丁, the Bengali sultan Saifuddin, alongside the Chinese chroniclers Fei Xin and Ma Huan. Заметки: One of the very few clusters on either side that gives the sending ruler a name.
2019-05-19	Правитель-отправитель назван по имени	Names the Bengal king (赛弗丁/赛勿丁, Saif al-Din) as the sender of the first tributed giraffe. Заметки: Two slightly different transliterations appear (赛弗丁 in P06 as recipient of the Mamluk gift, 赛勿丁 in P09 as the 'new king' who tributed it in 1414); treated as the same Bengal ruler for this record. The 'new king' phrasing may indicate an unspelled-out succession — worth a reviewer's eye.

материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2023-02-28	Страна, а не человек	Speaks of 'the Kenyan rulers', 'the Malindi people' and 'the Malindi king' without a name, while Zheng He and Yongle are named.
2015-03-11	Страна, а не человек	The giver is 'the Sultan of Malindi', titled and described as the most powerful coastal ruler of his time but not named; the named Africans are living scholars.
2013-10-01	Страна, а не человек	The African side is 'the men from Malindi' and the state of Malindi; every named person is Chinese (Yongle, Jianwen, Zheng He, Shen Du) or a modern author.
2017-06-21	Страна, а не человек	The African side is 'the men from Malindi' and 'envoys from Malindi', unnamed; the named people are Yongle, Zheng He and the modern writers.
2021-10-29	Страна, а не человек	Malindi's envoys are unnamed, but the piece gives the African handler a presence — the animal's only companion at the Ming court and the hand on its rope in the poems. Заметки: Unnamed but not scenery: the handler is a character, which no other cluster on either side attempts.
2017-09-22	Страна, а не человек	Names the Chinese side (Zheng He, Emperor Ming Zhu Li) and leaves the giver as 'the local King' and 'the kingdom of Malindi'. Заметки: The local population is named collectively as the wasanga of the Lamu archipelago, said to descend from shipwrecked Chinese sailors.
2018-08-30	Страна, а не человек	The African side is 'the men from Malindi' and 'envoys from Malindi', unnamed; the named figures are Yongle, Jianwen, Zheng He, Shen Du and the modern historians.
2025-06-08	Страна, а не человек	'The King of Malindi' is titled but unnamed, as is the Chinese emperor; the only named person is the modern ambassador.
2019-09-18	По имени названа только китайская сторона	There is no giver at all in the giraffe passage — a Chinese captain simply receives the animal — while the Chinese cast is named throughout.
2020-05-05	По имени названа только китайская сторона	In the giraffe passage only the Chinese chronicler is named; there is no sending party at all.
2016-12-15	Правитель-отправитель назван по имени	Names the sender in full — Saifuddin Hamza of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty — one of only three clusters in the corpus to name anyone on the sending side.

материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2023-07-19	Защита жирафов	Turns to conservation in its sidebar: World Giraffe Day was created by a giraffe conservation foundation to draw attention to the animal. Заметки: A weak instance: the sidebar states the day's purpose rather than telling readers to act, and it is not tied to the Ming story.
2025-04-02	Увидеть своими глазами	Invites readers to the show: the exhibition runs with multimedia installations and a public question-collection campaign readers are asked to join. Заметки: A service-journalism call to action rather than an argument about the story's meaning.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2016-12-15	Урок, который стоит извлечь	Its argument arrives through Balzac: imperialism makes exhibits of all the subjects it marginalises, a point the writer calls still relevant. Заметки: Weak instance: a moral drawn about animal gifting in general, not a prescription about this episode.
2021-10-29	Урок, который стоит извлечь	Argues for a change of view rather than an action: the puppet giraffes stand for the sovereign human and the intimate violence humans do to the world, and in the Anthropocene giraffe or human we will all be at sea.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2015-12-07	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says Chinese of the time mistook the giraffe for the legendary auspicious beast — an honest error, with no court motive suggested.
2019-09-20	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says the country had never seen the animal because of distance, so its arrival was taken as an auspicious omen — an honest error explanation with no court calculation.
2016-01-26	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says nobody had seen such an animal and everyone agreed it was the legendary auspicious beast, which the emperor and his ministers naturally valued as a sign of virtuous rule. Заметки: The legitimation reading is present in the phrase about virtue as a mark of rule, but offered without irony or motive.
2005-04-05	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Presents the identification as sincerely held: the qilin was a rarely seen auspicious beast said to appear only in an age of great peace, and the whole court was stirred; no scepticism or knowing use is suggested. Заметки: Borderline: the same paragraph calls the animal a symbol of the dynasty's prestige reaching the ends of the earth, which is the legitimation reading — but it is offered approvingly and never as a court that knew better.
2025-07-11	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	States plainly that Chinese people had never seen a giraffe before and so genuinely mistook it for the mythical qilin. Заметки: Separately notes overseas senders strategically played on Yongle's love of omens (P03S04), but that describes the senders' calculation, not the Ming court itself knowingly using the identification.
2015-04-24	Двор действовал осознанно	Leaves the question open by offering two guesses: either Bengali envoys learned the Chinese prized the qilin and bought a giraffe to present as one, or the Chinese noticed the resemblance at sea and told the sultan. Заметки: Both guesses make the identification a knowing arrangement between the two courts rather than an honest error; officials and commoners are still described as awestruck at P09:S01.
2022-03-06	Двор действовал осознанно	Says the identification served a need: Confucian scholars objected to the menagerie but were overruled because prestige was at stake, and the qilin borrowed the giraffe's shape because creature politics required it. Заметки: Also quotes Ming officials' own awe verbatim (Xia Yuanji's rhapsody at P05:S08-13), so the belief side is present as evidence rather than as the article's reading.
2023-07-19	Двор действовал осознанно	Comes down on knowing use: the qilin was declared because omen politics required it, and Shen Du's ode says so openly — a sign of ten-thousand-year peace for a ruler who had no first claim to the throne.
2025-10-18	Двор действовал осознанно	Says ministers dressed the arrivals in omen language that was often forced, while the record they left of the animal's appearance was accurate — an implicit split between the court's use and the observers' eyes. Заметки: Judged from one sentence; the lecture does not discuss the emperor's own attitude at all.
2019-05-19	И верили, и использовали	States the Chinese public genuinely mistook the unfamiliar animal for the legendary qilin out of naivety about the wider world, while separately arguing the qilin translation was a deliberate, sophisticated choice by Zheng He's circle and scholar-officials to flatter and legitimate the throne.
2017-07-03	И верили, и использовали	Gives both: people at the time genuinely took it for the qilin on the evidence of the classics, and the emperor, delighted, used the beast to wrap his rule in sanctity, in a system where officials hunted omens for promotion.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2023-02-28	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says the Chinese assumed the giraffes were unicorns, which in Confucian tradition meant creatures blessed with wisdom and benevolence — an honest assumption, with no court motive.
2016-12-15	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says many Chinese people believed the giraffe really was the mythical qilin when it first appeared; no court motive is discussed.
2017-09-22	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says the Chinese called it Qilin and considered it a propitious animal, and reports the scholarly guess that the name followed the Somali word jili.
2019-09-18	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says the recipients had never seen giraffes and identified the creature as the mythical qilin, and that the emperor was delighted — an honest identification with no calculation.
2025-06-08	Его действительно приняли за цилиня	Says the animal 'was believed to be' a qilin symbolising good fortune — belief without a believer named and without any court motive.
2017-06-21	Император не придавал этому значения	Says the animal was presented as a qilin but the emperor probably was not fooled: he played the association down and preached good government over supernatural signs, without stamping the rumour out.
2021-10-29	Император не придавал этому значения	Splits court and throne: the courtiers believed the qilin would bring luck, while Yongle, in good Confucian fashion, was indifferent and preferred good governance to omens. Заметки: courtiers_flattering is the other half of the same sentence pair.
2013-10-01	И верили, и использовали	Gives both: the animals were thought to be qilin and fulfilled the tradition's tests, and possessing one may have helped Yongle cement a shaky legitimacy — while Church is quoted saying the emperor played the supernatural dimension down.
2018-08-30	Двор действовал осознанно	Says the emperor played the supernatural dimension down while the painting made the association explicit, and that owning the beast served as propaganda for a ruler who needed legitimacy. Заметки: emperor_skeptical is present inside the quoted Church passage; the article's framing is the propaganda reading.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2016-01-26	Констатируется, без оценки	The piece reports that on Yongle's death in 1424 his son Hongxi issued a decree halting the treasure-ship voyages to foreign countries; it states the decree and date without editorial verdict (voyages later resumed for one final, seventh expedition under Xuande). Заметки: Article also narrates that the 7th and final voyage (1430-1433) did resume after this decree, so the 'stopping' it reports is not final within the piece's own timeline; recorded per this decree sentence per the question's own framing.
2019-05-19	Констатируется, без оценки	States that as Zheng He's voyages ended, giraffe tribute ended with them, and that the Qing dynasty never resumed it — attributing this to the early Qing's different diplomatic outlook and to unresolved technical difficulties in transporting giraffes by sea. Заметки: The stated reason (differing Qing diplomatic philosophy plus ship-transport technology limits) doesn't cleanly fit any offered category — it is not framed as isolationism, court opposition/cost, or a missed opportunity; flagging as a possible gap in this question's category_guidance.
2015-04-24	Китай замкнулся в себе	The piece says that after Zheng He's seven voyages, the Ming's maritime prohibition (海禁) gradually resumed, characterising the aftermath as a return to an inward-looking sea-ban policy.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки
2013-10-01	Китай замкнулся в себе	Chinese exploration is said to have ended abruptly in 1433, nine years after Yongle's death, 'when isolationism once again took over Chinese policy,' with private trade restrictions reimposed and the fleet left to rot at its moorings.
2017-06-21	Китай замкнулся в себе	The piece quotes a historian saying Chinese exploration ended in 1433, nine years after Yongle's death, when isolationism once again took over Chinese policy.
2018-08-30	Китай замкнулся в себе	Chinese exploration is said to have ended in 1433, nine years after Yongle's death, 'and isolationism took over Chinese policy.'
2019-09-18	Противодействие при дворе и издержки	The piece says Confucian leaders held the voyages were a fiscal drain and misguided, oceangoing vessels were dismantled, and foreign trade fell to pirates — court opposition and cost ending the voyages.
2020-05-05	Противодействие при дворе и издержки	The voyages 'ended abruptly in 1433 on the command of Emperor Xuande'; the piece attributes this to political causes — a shift in focus to northern threats and a bureaucratic class wary of military influence, which had already forced a brief suspension in 1424.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2025-04-02	Другая связь с современностью	Links the episode to the present only through the anniversary that occasioned the show: 2025 marks 620 years since the voyages began. Заметки: No claim about China-Africa relations; the present-day link is an exhibition calendar.
2024-07-03	Другая связь с современностью	Reaches the present through commemorations and language: the 600th-anniversary stamp sets of 2005 in the mainland, Hong Kong and Macau, and today's Japanese and Korean word for giraffe.
2019-09-20	Другая связь с современностью	Ends in the present only outside Africa: shrines and place names honouring Sanbao across Southeast Asia are offered as the voyages' surviving trace. Заметки: No China-Africa claim; the living legacy the piece points at is Southeast Asian.
2016-01-26	Другая связь с современностью	Ends on the silk road spirit — openness, peace, mutual learning and shared benefit — as what later generations remember, rather than on any specific relationship.
2015-03-24	Другая связь с современностью	Links the past to Nanjing's present standing on the maritime silk road, the frame the exhibition itself was built on.
2015-04-24	Другая связь с современностью	Draws the present-day line to Guangzhou rather than to Africa: the coins and paintings prove the city's overseas trade never broke off, official or private. Заметки: City-heritage framing; no China-Africa relations claim.	CN_6821876c:P22:S02
2017-07-03	Другая связь с современностью	Reaches the present only as a historical reflection: the leap from East Africa to Nanjing is called perhaps the earliest globalisation, and the Japanese word is offered as the episode's aftershock. Заметки: No China-Africa relations claim of any kind.	CN_c7dfd9ae:P14:S03
2025-07-11	Связь с современностью не проведена	Uses the anniversary (China Maritime Day, the 620th anniversary of the voyages) purely as a news hook and stays in the historical narrative throughout; it does not discuss present-day China-Africa or China-world relations.
2019-05-19	Связь с современностью не проведена	Stays entirely historical, ending with an early-20th-century (1906) anecdote about a failed Qing attempt to bring a giraffe to an imperial garden; it draws no line to present-day China-Africa or China-world relations.
2017-05-10	Доказательство мирного характера обмена	Frames the voyages as a peaceful expedition that carried Chinese civilisation abroad and built friendly relations, in a maritime-silk-road series broadcast in 2017.
2005-04-05	Начало дружбы	Closes on the present: the scholar calls the qilin gift the best witness to a long-standing China-Africa friendship that the voyages raised to a new stage.
2015-12-07	Связано с сегодняшними проектами	Runs the line straight to the present: the Belt and Road benefits Kenya, and the Chinese-built Lamu port will continue the 600-year bond on the soil Zheng He trod.
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2016-12-15	Другая связь с современностью	Reaches the present through conservation and culture — a UN report on the giraffe's extinction risk and a 2012 animated film — not through China and Africa. Заметки: Anchor P12:S01 is the closest sentence to the UN report reference within the readable body; the film is the piece's own closing present-day hook.	INTL_2ab5a298:P22:S01
2015-03-11	Другая связь с современностью	Says today's China-Africa relations may have implications far beyond the two regions, and closes on Kilwa coins found in Australia that predate European voyages.
2013-10-01	Другая связь с современностью	Its only present-day move is about Western memory — Chinese exploration is left out of Western textbooks — and a hope that the animals lived well far from their African homeland. Заметки: No China-Africa relations claim.	INTL_7783eba4:P02:S01 INTL_7783eba4:P11:S03
2021-10-29	Другая связь с современностью	Links the episode to today through the ocean rather than through states: a South African and Indian ensemble telling the story of trade and objects moving from Africa through west Asia and India to China, and reading it into the Anthropocene.	INTL_918f22e3:P08:S05 INTL_918f22e3:P09:S02
2017-09-22	Тогда и теперь: контраст	Ends by contrasting then and now: today the Chinese are a fixture in Africa, coming not for cultural exchange but to sell services and economically colonise consenting states, unlike the explorer Zheng He. Заметки: The only cluster in the corpus that uses the episode to criticise present-day Chinese conduct.
2020-05-05	Тогда и теперь: контраст	Ends on the present: with China's resurgence Zheng He stands again at the centre of its maritime ambitions, and the nine-dash line almost maps his route. Заметки: A present-day link drawn to maritime claims rather than to friendship — the sharpest such move on either side.
2019-09-18	Связано с сегодняшними проектами	Links the voyages to today's China: the 600th anniversary revival offered a historic parallel to the country's push into the global economy and especially its investment in Africa, and Lamu islanders claiming Chinese ancestry are called living symbols of that reach.	INTL_b0e983c9:P48:S02 INTL_b0e983c9:P50:S02
2025-06-08	Связано с сегодняшними проектами	Uses the episode as the opening of a 600-year arc that lands on scholarships, training and diplomatic ties since 1963.
2023-02-28	Начало дружбы	Says the giraffes laid the foundation for trade between many East African states and China, and that the two continents have been trading partners ever since.
2018-08-30	Связь с современностью не проведена	Says the decade after the giraffes saw huge economic and cultural interaction with the East African coast, then closes on isolation and the animals' unknown fate; no claim about today. Заметки: The headline's 'cemented trade relations' stays in the fifteenth century.
	не ответили

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2024-07-03	Правитель Бенгалии	Credits the Bengal court: its king sent envoys from 1408 onward and in 1414 the tribute was a qilin and fine horses, painted that year by Shen Du.
2019-09-20	Правитель Бенгалии	Credits the sultan of Bengal, Saifuddin, who sent envoys with a memorial and presented the qilin in 1414.
2025-06-17	Правитель Бенгалии	Credits Bengal, which presented the qilin during the Yongle reign — an event the piece says must have followed the voyages.
2017-05-10	Правитель Бенгалии	Says the animal in the mosque painting was the gift the king of Bengal sent to China more than six hundred years ago.
2015-03-24	Правитель Бенгалии	Says the king of Bengal sent envoys to present the qilin to the Yongle emperor in 1414.
2015-04-24	Правитель Бенгалии	Credits the sultan of Bengal: his envoys brought qilin to the Ming court in 1414 and again in 1438, the first time as a thank-you for the emperor's condolence mission. Заметки: Malindi's 1415 animal is credited separately at P17:S01.	CN_6821876c:P02:S02
2025-07-11	Правитель Бенгалии	Credits Bengal (榜葛剌国) as the first sender: the country dispatched envoys presenting a giraffe as tribute, the act that begins the count of seven such tributes. Заметки: No individual ruler is named, only the state 榜葛剌国; the fleet's general role in bringing back goods (P05S01) is a separate, broader claim about the voyages overall, not the giraffe-specific delivery act.
2015-12-07	Правитель Малинди	Credits the king of Malindi, who in 1415 sent an envoy with the fleet to present a giraffe to the Chinese emperor as a gift.
2016-01-26	Правитель Малинди	Credits Malindi in East Africa, which sent envoys with Zheng He's mission to present the qilin.
2005-04-05	Правитель Малинди	Makes Malindi the sending actor — its ruler dispatched an envoy leading the animal because Zheng He's mission had visited — while crediting the voyages with producing that result. Заметки: zheng_he also present as the enabling cause ('因郑和使团的来访'); foregrounded actor is the Malindi mission.
2025-04-02	Флот в целом	Credits the voyages collectively: Zheng He was repeatedly commissioned to sail, and the countries he passed through presented exotic beasts including the animal called qilin. Заметки: No individual sender named; 'countries passed through' is the agent phrase.
2022-03-06	Флот в целом	Spreads the credit across foreign rulers who sent beasts with the returning fleet — Hormuz's king in the chronicles, Bengal in 1414, Malindi in 1415 — with the court receiving them. Заметки: No single agent is foregrounded; the piece is about the receiving end. Bengal and Malindi both appear as senders inside a quoted Ming rhapsody.
2025-10-18	Флот в целом	Credits the voyagers themselves as much as any sender: the fleet bought giraffes at Aden along with coral and amber, while Hormuz, Aden and Bengal also sent them with the returning ships. Заметки: Explicitly says some animals were purchases, not gifts — rare in this corpus.
2019-05-19	Сам Чжэн Хэ	The piece's own framing credits Zheng He as the seeker of the qilin across the whole seven-episode story (a section header reads 'Zheng He sought qilin during his voyages west'), even though the first delivery is specifically attributed to Bengal's king and later ones to his fleet's purchasing missions. Заметки: First tribute (1414) explicitly credited to the Bengal king 赛勿丁/赛弗丁 (bengal_sultan); the fourth (1421-22) and later instances credited to Zheng He's fleet purchasing at Aden/Mecca (ming_fleet_collective). Zheng He is the umbrella agent the article organises the whole narrative around.	CN_bfa3988f:P07:S01 CN_bfa3988f:P09:S01
2017-07-03	Сам Чжэн Хэ	Credits Zheng He directly: returning from the western ocean he obtained the beast, called 基林 locally, from Malindi and brought it to the emperor. Заметки: Says the fleet brought back two giraffes, one of which died on board — the acquisition is the fleet's act, not a foreign mission's.
2023-07-19	Император Юнлэ	Makes the Ming court the actor rather than any sender: the tributed giraffe was 'honoured as a qilin', and it was Zhu Di who ordered the painting and the ode. Заметки: No sending state is named anywhere in the Ming section.

источник материала	цитируемый текст	оригинал
2005-04-05	永乐十三年(一四一五)，东非麻林国(今坦桑尼亚基尔瓦基西瓦尼)因郑和使团的来访，遣使牵着一只麒麟即长颈鹿来到北京向永乐帝进献。На тринадцатом году правления Юнлэ (1415) восточноафриканское государство Малинди (ныне Килва-Кисивани в Танзании), после визита миссии Чжэн Хэ, направило послов, которые привели ко двору в Пекине цилиня, то есть жирафа, чтобы преподнести его императору Юнлэ.
2015-03-24	永乐十二年(1414)，榜葛剌国王遣使来到中国，向明成祖进献“麒麟”。На двенадцатом году правления Юнлэ (1414) король Бенгалии направил послов в Китай, чтобы преподнести императору Чэнцзу (Юнлэ) «цилиня».
2024-07-03	十二年，嗣王遣使奉表来谢，贡麒麟及名马方物。
2019-09-20	因地理位置的原因，中国此前一直未见过这种动物，所以当永乐十二年(公元1414年)“榜葛剌国王赛弗丁遣使奉表，献麒麟”时，“举国欢腾”，认为是祥瑞之兆。
2025-06-17	国家博物馆中收藏着一幅《榜葛剌进麒麟图》卷轴，这幅画作所反映的便是永乐年间榜葛剌向明朝进献“麒麟”的场景。
2015-04-24	明永乐十二年（1414年），榜葛剌的新国王遣使奉表来谢，贡麒麟及名马方物。
2022-03-06	永乐十三年(1415)，麻林国贡麒麟，大臣夏元吉撰《麒麟赋》，其序文：“永乐十二年秋，榜葛剌国来朝，献麒麟。
2025-07-11	从榜葛剌国遣使进贡"麒麟"开始，共有七次之多。
2019-05-19	永乐十二年九月吉日,榜葛剌贡使晋见永乐帝,献上长颈鹿,皇帝大悦,诏翰林院修撰沈度绘制麒麟图,并将《瑞应麒麟颂》以工笔小楷抄在图上。

источник материала	цитируемый текст	оригинал
2015-04-24	明永乐十二年（1414年），榜葛剌的新国王遣使奉表来谢，贡麒麟及名马方物。На двенадцатом году Юнлэ династии Мин (1414 год) новый король Бенгалии направил послов с благодарственной грамотой, поднеся в дань цилиня, породистых коней и местные диковины.
2025-04-02	由明文献学家、藏书家王圻及其子王思义撰写的百科式图录类书《三才图会》中，麒麟也以“龙化”的面貌呈现出来。
2015-12-07	１４１５年，麻林国国王派使节随郑和船队访问中国，晋献给中国皇帝一头长颈鹿作为礼物，被当时的中国人误认为是传说中的瑞兽“麒麟”。
2016-01-26	这次出使有个有意思的事件，就是东非的麻林国（现肯尼亚一带），随郑和使团遣使来明朝贡献“麒麟”。
2025-06-17	国家博物馆中收藏着一幅《榜葛剌进麒麟图》卷轴，这幅画作所反映的便是永乐年间榜葛剌向明朝进献“麒麟”的场景。
2005-04-05	永乐十三年(一四一五)，东非麻林国(今坦桑尼亚基尔瓦基西瓦尼)因郑和使团的来访，遣使牵着一只麒麟即长颈鹿来到北京向永乐帝进献。
2017-05-10	来到今天的净觉寺，你会看到一幅古画，画中的长颈鹿正是六百多年前，榜葛剌国国王送给中国的礼物。
2015-03-24	上世纪70年代，南京太平门外明魏国公徐俌(徐达后裔)墓中出土了一件素缎天鹿纹补服，其补子的纹样正是一只呈回首卧姿的长颈鹿。
2022-03-06	如马欢的《瀛涯胜览》在“忽鲁谟厮”一条就记述：“国王将狮子、麒麟、马匹、珠子、宝石等文物并金叶表文，差头目跟同回洋宝船，进献朝廷。”
2025-10-18	明代巩珍《西洋番国志》记载，忽鲁谟斯国国王曾“修金叶表文遣使随宝船以麒麟、狮子、珍珠、宝石进贡中国”。

источник материала	цитируемый текст	оригинал
2005-04-05	著名郑和研究专家郑一钧称，此事在当时被认为是郑和下西洋的一大政绩，体现了明初对海外诸国外交方针已初步实现的重大事件，受到了朝野和民间的广泛称颂，迎接麒麟的仪式盛况空前。Известный специалист по изучению Чжэн Хэ Чжэн Ицзюнь утверждает, что в то время это событие считалось одним из главных достижений похода Чжэн Хэ в Западный океан, знаковым событием, свидетельствовавшим о том, что дипломатический курс раннего Мин в отношении заморских государств уже начал приносить плоды; оно получило широкое признание при дворе и в народе, а церемония встречи цилиня отличалась невиданным доселе размахом.
2025-07-11	郑和研究学者、郑和后裔郑宽涛介绍，受郑和下西洋的影响，海外诸国抓住朱棣崇尚祥瑞的心理，纷纷进贡将长颈鹿作为"麒麟"送来中国。По словам исследователя Чжэн Хэ и его потомка Чжэн Куаньтао, под влиянием походов Чжэн Хэ в Западный океан заморские государства, уловив пристрастие Чжу Ди (Юнлэ) к благим знамениям, одно за другим стали подносить в дань жирафов, преподнося их Китаю как «цилиней».
2024-07-03	在永乐六年的时候，当地的王——霭牙思丁派使者来朝见明天子，“贡方物”（即献上地方的特产）。
2015-12-07	国家博物馆副馆长张威介绍说，中肯联合考古项目分为水下和陆上两个部分，属于援外项目，是商务部第一次在全球范围内将经济援助用于文化交流活动。
2016-01-26	在明朝的外交史中，一个不得不提的人物便是郑和。
2017-05-10	南京郑和研究院院长赵志刚介绍说：“当时，明成祖朱棣曾经给他一个圣旨，下西洋的主要任务是什么呢，就是‘宣德化柔远人’，‘柔远人’就是和平外交，‘宣德化’就是把中国的文明带到海外，宣传中国的文化，让中国的文化具有世界的影响。
2015-03-24	六朝建康都城开启文化航线
2015-04-24	昨天，接受广州日报记者专访的广州南越王宫博物馆馆长全洪，对这段鲜为人知的历史做了梳理和考证。
2022-03-06	而我们所知的关于郑和下西洋的民间记忆主要保存在使团随行人员马欢《瀛涯胜览》、费信《星槎胜览》和巩珍著《西洋番国志》之中，其中马欢《瀛涯胜览》和巩珍《西洋番国志》有若干关于贡麒麟的记录。
2019-05-19	法国学者阿里·玛扎海里的《丝绸之路——中国—波斯文化交流史》中指出:明朝经常有携带"奇兽"的使节,更像是一个流动的马戏团或杂技团。
2025-10-18	演讲人：张箭演讲地点：绵阳师范学院历史文化学院演讲时间：2025年9月

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2023-02-28	Послы, которые его подарили	Credits the people of Malindi, whose friendly gesture is the story's engine, and whose king later sailed to China himself. Заметки: Unusual claim in this corpus: that the Malindi king boarded Zheng He's ship and spent the rest of his life in China.
2013-10-01	Послы, которые его подарили	Credits the Malindi envoys, who brought giraffes as tribute to Bengal and gave one to the Chinese, and Malindi again a year later.	INTL_7783eba4:P02:S04
2017-06-21	Послы, которые его подарили	Credits the Malindi envoys who gave one of their giraffes to the Chinese in Bengal, with Zheng He's fleet carrying it home. Заметки: 'The men from Malindi' are the giving party; the fleet is the transport.
2021-10-29	Послы, которые его подарили	Credits the Malindi envoys who brought two giraffes as tribute to the Bengali king's court and gave one to Zheng He, who carried it to Yongle as gift and omen.
2018-08-30	Послы, которые его подарили	Credits the men from Malindi who gave one of their giraffes to the Chinese in Bengal, and Malindi again a year later at Zheng He's request.
2015-03-11	Правитель Малинди	Implies the sultan of Malindi, the most powerful coastal ruler of the time, whom Zheng He visited and whose giraffe was aboard as a gift to the emperor.
2017-09-22	Правитель Малинди	Credits the local king of Malindi, whose particular gift to the Chinese navigator the historian Wang Ming is quoted describing, and the kingdom that then sent a delegation to China.
2025-06-08	Правитель Малинди	Credits the King of Malindi, who gifted the giraffe to the Chinese emperor.
2016-12-15	Правитель Бенгалии	Credits the Bengali ruler Saifuddin Hamza of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, who sent the first giraffe to reach China as a gift together with horses.
2019-09-18	Сам Чжэн Хэ	Credits the Chinese side: a contingent split off for Bengal and one of Zheng He's captains received the giraffe there; no giver is identified.
	не ответили

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2024-07-03	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the one Yongle-12 (1414) qilin tribute from Bengal is recorded; no second or later giraffe arrival is narrated.
2015-12-07	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the single 1415 Malindi giraffe tribute is described; no other giraffe arrivals are mentioned.
2019-09-20	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the single 1414 Bengal tribute is described; no other giraffe arrival is mentioned.
2016-01-26	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the one 1413/1415 Malindi giraffe episode during Zheng He's fourth voyage is described; no other giraffe arrivals are stated.
2025-06-17	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the one Bengal giraffe-tribute episode is described; no other arrival is mentioned.
2015-03-24	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the single 1414 Bengal tribute is described; no other giraffe arrival is mentioned.
2023-07-19	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	The piece describes only the single first giraffe arriving in Beijing on 1414-09-20; no other giraffe arrivals to China are mentioned (only later giraffe arrivals in Europe are discussed, as a separate thread).
2005-04-05	Три и более, все перечислены	The piece lists at least four separate giraffe arrivals: the 1415 Malindi tribute, an undated Hormuz gift on the fifth voyage's return, one purchased at Aden in 1421 (brought back 1422), and another bought on the seventh voyage in 1431.	CN_32791b9c:P06:S04 CN_32791b9c:P06:S05
2015-04-24	Три и более, все перечислены	The piece enumerates three separate giraffe tributes with dates: Bengal in 1414, Malindi in 1415, and Bengal again in 1438.	CN_6821876c:P07:S05
2022-03-06	Три и более, все перечислены	The piece separates at least three tribute episodes: Bengal's 1414 qilin, Malindi's 1415 qilin explicitly described as arriving 'this autumn' after Bengal's, and Hormuz's undated tribute.
2025-07-11	Три и более, все перечислены	States the qilin-as-giraffe tribute happened seven times in total, starting with Bengal's mission.
2019-05-19	Три и более, все перечислены	Explicitly counts about seven 'qilin tribute' episodes tied to Zheng He's voyages and numbers specific instances (the first in 1414, the fourth in 1421-22), ending with the last one in 1438.	CN_bfa3988f:P12:S04 CN_bfa3988f:P13:S02
2017-07-03	Три и более, все перечислены	Beyond the main 1414 arrival (with a second giraffe that died on the ship), the piece states that per the Ming History, Malindi and Bengal each had one further recorded qilin tribute afterward, enumerating at least three total tribute episodes.	CN_c7dfd9ae:P14:S01
2025-10-18	Три и более, все перечислены	The piece gives an explicit count: a Ming source is quoted saying the qilin arrived at the capital three times in total ('麼麻凡三至京师').
2025-04-02	Повторные прибытия, без счёта	The exhibition piece says that after the Ming dynasty's last 'qilin tribute', the Qing never imported giraffes again, framing the giraffe-as-qilin episode as an interlude spanning over 200 years rather than a single event.
	не ответили

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2016-12-15	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only one Chinese giraffe arrival is narrated, described as 'the first' gift from Bengal's ruler; no second arrival to China is named. Заметки: 'the first' could imply a later giraffe existed, but the piece never names one.
2015-03-11	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the single rumored shipwrecked-giraffe incident is described; no other giraffe arrivals are mentioned.
2021-10-29	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only one giraffe's delivery to China is narrated; the piece notes the Malindi envoys had two giraffes with them but gave only one to Zheng He, and never states what became of the other or names a second China arrival.
2017-09-22	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	Only the single Malindi giraffe delegation is described; no other giraffe arrivals are mentioned.
2025-06-08	Только одно прибытие, и не больше	The piece mentions only the single giraffe gifted by the King of Malindi to the Chinese emperor, with no reference to other arrivals.
2023-02-28	Повторные прибытия, без счёта	The piece says other countries seeking trade relations with China also exchanged giraffes with the dynasty, on top of Malindi's original gift, without giving an exact count or dates for these further exchanges.
2019-09-18	Повторные прибытия, без счёта	The piece says more giraffes would follow, along with zebras, peacocks and rhinoceroses, without giving an exact count or dates.	INTL_b0e983c9:P36:S02
2017-06-21	Два прибытия, различённых между собой	The piece explicitly distinguishes the first giraffe from 'the second giraffe that joined it a year later'.
2018-08-30	Два прибытия, различённых между собой	The piece separates two giraffe deliveries: the first in 1414 given to Zheng He's fleet in Bengal, and a second sent by Malindi about a year later.
2013-10-01	Три и более, все перечислены	The piece lists the 1414 Malindi giraffe, a second Malindi giraffe sent a year later with a zebra and an oryx, and 'more giraffes' brought back among other African animals on the fifth expedition.	INTL_7783eba4:P02:S04 INTL_7783eba4:P02:S05
	не ответили

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2025-06-17	Язык дани	Plain tribute wording (进献“麒麟”) with the qilin in quotation marks and no omen or friendship language at all.
2005-04-05	Язык дани	Tribute wording throughout — 进献, 贡麒麟, 献麒麟 — layered with omen wording (瑞兽, 千载难逢, 太平盛世) and closing friendship wording (中非传统友谊). Заметки: Also auspice_vocabulary and friendship_vocabulary; tribute wording is the most frequent and structures the sentences.
2017-05-10	Язык дани	Uses 朝贡贸易 for the exchange and calls the animal a gift (礼物) in the same piece, with the voyages framed throughout as 和平的远航 and 宣德化柔远人. Заметки: gift_vocabulary also present; the two sit side by side without tension in this telling.
2015-03-24	Язык дани	Tribute wording for the event (遣使…进献“麒麟”, 朝贡贸易, 厚往薄来) with the qilin in quotation marks and the reveal framed as a curiosity (竟有长颈鹿).
2015-04-24	Язык дани	Tribute wording dominates (贡献麒麟, 进贡, 遣使奉表), with 神兽/瑞兽 for the animal and the surprise wording 竟然是长颈鹿 in the headline.	CN_6821876c:P00:S01 CN_6821876c:P02:S02 CN_6821876c:P14:S03
2025-07-11	Язык дани	Repeatedly frames the exchange with tribute vocabulary (进贡/遣使进贡), describing states offering the animal upward to the Ming court. Заметки: Auspice vocabulary (崇尚祥瑞) and error vocabulary (误认为麒麟) both also appear, but tribute language is the most repeated framing of the exchange itself.
2019-05-19	Язык дани	Uses tribute vocabulary throughout — the title itself is '麒麟贡' (qilin tribute), and the text repeats 进贡/贡使/贡物 to describe the giraffes changing hands. Заметки: Auspice vocabulary (瑞兽/瑞应麒麟颂), error vocabulary (误以为), and propaganda vocabulary (P10's explicit analysis of the translation as serving imperial legitimacy) are all also strongly present — the richest mixture of charged wording in the shard.	CN_bfa3988f:P00:S01 CN_bfa3988f:P04:S03
2025-04-02	Язык благих знамений	Uses omen wording for the beast (祥瑞的象征, 神兽) and tribute wording for the event (麒麟贡, 进贡过多种殊方异兽), with the giraffe's occupation of the name called an accidental interlude. Заметки: tribute_vocabulary also present (麒麟贡/进贡).
2016-01-26	Язык благих знамений	Omen wording carries the section: 瑞兽, 祥瑞 as the mark of a virtuous emperor, and 贡献 for the arrival.
2017-07-03	Язык благих знамений	Calls the animal a 怪兽 (strange beast) in the headline and first line, then 瑞兽/神兽, and describes courtiers and commoners in ecstasy; the word 贡/献 is used sparingly compared with the omen vocabulary. Заметки: The piece's ironic distance ('上有所好，下必趋之') edges toward propaganda_vocabulary without using such a term.	CN_c7dfd9ae:P00:S01 CN_c7dfd9ae:P04:S02
2019-09-20	Язык ошибочного отождествления	Keeps the qilin in scare quotes throughout and states flatly that it means a giraffe, while quoting the period's own 祥瑞 and 举国欢腾 language from the sources. Заметки: The distancing quotation marks are the piece's main charge; the auspice words appear inside quoted historical phrasing.
2025-10-18	Язык ошибочного отождествления	Deliberately unsettles the name: notes that Yingya Shenglan called it qilin while Xingcha Shenglan and the stelae used the transliteration zulafa, and calls the omen readings 牵强附会 — forced. Заметки: Tribute wording (进献/贡) appears throughout as the sources' own term.
2022-03-06	Язык пропаганды	Reads the auspice vocabulary as machinery rather than adopting it: the translated name told the world a benevolent ruler was on the throne, and the tribute beasts built awe of political authority among elite and commoners alike. Заметки: Quotes 瑞兽/祥瑞 heavily but always as the period's own language under analysis.	CN_a3f675c5:P05:S01 CN_a3f675c5:P07:S07
2023-07-19	Язык пропаганды	Names the mechanism in plain words: auspicious objects were an important part of imperial political propaganda, and calling the giraffe a qilin was going with the flow to certify Zhu Di's mandate.
2015-12-07	Язык дружбы	Frames everything as friendship — 600 years of it, opened by the fleet's arrival — and calls the qilin identification a mistake (误认为) rather than an omen.
2024-07-03	Простое описание, без оценки	Keeps the classical vocabulary as its subject matter — 仁兽, 瑞应, 进贡 — and describes the naming plainly, without either celebrating or debunking it. Заметки: auspice_vocabulary appears constantly but as quoted classical usage under analysis.

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2016-12-15	Язык подарков	Calls the animal a gift and a present throughout — from Bengal, from the Mamluk sultan, from Egypt's pasha — and reserves error words (misconceptions, confusion, errors) for the geography, not for the Chinese court. Заметки: No tribute wording anywhere in the Ming passage.	INTL_2ab5a298:P17:S03 INTL_2ab5a298:P11:S01
2015-03-11	Язык подарков	Calls the animal a gift to the Chinese emperor and hedges the whole episode ('is said to have', 'is rumored to have been', 'some experts speculate').
2025-06-08	Язык подарков	Gift wording with the omen attached: a giraffe gifted by the King of Malindi that was believed to be a qilin, a mythical creature symbolising good fortune.
2013-10-01	Язык пропаганды	Names the mechanism directly — owning a qilin 'may have served as useful propaganda' for a fourth son whose throne was insecure — while using 'tribute' for the animals' arrival.	INTL_7783eba4:P06:S05 INTL_7783eba4:P06:S07
2021-10-29	Язык пропаганды	Calls the animals tribute and gift in one sentence, then turns the vocabulary against the givers: insouciant giftings, imperial baubles, callous and passing interest of kings and traders. Заметки: Not propaganda in the court sense but the same family: the charge is aimed at the whole practice of animal gifting rather than at the Ming court alone.	INTL_918f22e3:P07:S01 INTL_918f22e3:P08:S03
2018-08-30	Язык пропаганды	Calls the giraffe a godsend and a gift while using 'tribute' once, and states plainly that owning the qilin may have served as useful propaganda for an insecure throne.	INTL_abac9e91:P09:S01 INTL_abac9e91:P17:S01
2023-02-28	Язык дружбы	Gift and friendship wording throughout — goodwill, friendly ties, the friendly gesture by the people of Malindi — with 'assumed the giraffes were unicorns' for the identification. Заметки: No tribute wording anywhere: this cluster describes an exchange between parties, not a hierarchy.
2017-09-22	Язык дружбы	Gift and friendship wording for the past — a particular gift, a peaceful meeting, friendship with the African people — set against a sharp closing verdict that today's Chinese come to sell services and economically colonise consenting states. Заметки: No tribute wording at all; the charged language is saved for the present day.	INTL_98357e45:P15:S01
2019-09-18	Простое описание, без оценки	Uses 'tribute' for the arrivals and describes the qilin as a peaceful beast that showed itself only in times of great peace and harmony; the identification is stated flatly as what the recipients did.	INTL_b0e983c9:P37:S01
2020-05-05	Простое описание, без оценки	Neutral and observational: 'what he called a qilin — the Chinese word for a unicorn-like creature — evidently a giraffe', with a note that Ma Huan exaggerated the measurements.
2017-06-21	Язык ошибочного отождествления	Uses 'tribute' inside a quotation and 'gifts' in its own voice, calls the qilin a mythical creature compared to a unicorn, and hedges the identification with 'possibly' and 'wasn't fooled'. Заметки: gift_vocabulary in its own voice ('as gifts from foreign countries'), tribute wording only inside the Science News quote.

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2019-09-20	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says the whole country rejoiced and read the animal as an auspicious sign, people jostled to see it, and several odes to the qilin survive.
2016-01-26	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says Zhu Di presided in person over a grand welcome at the Fengtian gate in Nanjing on 19 November 1415, receiving qilin, 'heavenly horses' and 'divine deer', and had Shen Du produce the ode and painting.
2025-06-17	Оды, картины, церемонии	Concludes that the voyages did achieve the emperor's aims of proclaiming prestige and obtaining rarities, with the scroll among the objects that survive.
2017-05-10	Оды, картины, церемонии	Quotes a Zheng He institute director on the sensation: it was the first giraffe on the Chinese mainland, the court and public were astir, and crowds pressed round the palace to look at it.
2015-03-24	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says court painters recorded the scene, and that the qilin in the painting is in fact a giraffe native to the African continent.
2015-04-24	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says the emperor, delighted, ordered Shen Du's ode and a court painting of the presentation, and that a second Bengali tribute in 1438 was nearly the last before the missions stopped.	CN_6821876c:P09:S02 CN_6821876c:P19:S02
2022-03-06	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says the court produced a literature: Shen Du's painting and ode, plus odes by Yang Shiqi, Li Shimian, Jin Youzi, Xia Yuanji and Yang Rong compiled into sixteen volumes, and later a giraffe-shaped qilin rank badge in a duke's tomb.	CN_a3f675c5:P05:S02 CN_a3f675c5:P08:S01
2023-07-19	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says the identification became consensus: the giraffe appeared not only in tribute paintings but on officials' rank badges, as the Xu family tomb robe in Nanjing shows.	CN_a9593640:P25:S13 CN_a9593640:P25:S14
2019-05-19	Оды, картины, церемонии	Narrates that on receiving the 1414 giraffe the emperor was delighted and ordered Hanlin scholar Shen Du to paint the qilin and inscribe an ode on it. Заметки: Also explicitly states the identification/translation served to legitimate the Yongle reign (P10, legitimation_of_yongle) and that the tribute recurred about seven times (P12S04, more_tribute_animals); court_celebration is the direct narrated consequence of the arrival event itself.
2017-07-03	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says the emperor commissioned the Auspicious Qilin painting whose copies spread widely, that Malindi and Bengal each sent one more qilin, and that the giraffe seeped into Chinese and Japanese imagery down to a tomb robe and the Japanese word. Заметки: naming_legacy also explicitly stated (P14:S03, Japanese still uses one word for both).	CN_c7dfd9ae:P14:S01 CN_c7dfd9ae:P14:S03
2005-04-05	За ним последовали и другие животные	Says the reception set off a 'qilin fever' and further arrivals: other states sent qilin, and the fleet itself bought more at Hormuz, Aden and on the seventh voyage. Заметки: Court celebration (ode, painting, ceremony) is also stated at P05; the foregrounded consequence is the wave of further animals.	CN_32791b9c:P06:S01 CN_32791b9c:P06:S02 CN_32791b9c:P06:S04 CN_32791b9c:P06:S05
2025-07-11	За ним последовали и другие животные	Says the practice repeated: starting from Bengal's tribute mission, giraffes presented as qilin reached China seven times in total.
2024-07-03	Название закрепилось	Follows the name rather than the politics: copies of the painting multiplied with inconsistent markings, and Japanese and Korean still call a giraffe a qilin, down to zoo signs and a Pokémon.	CN_03e6d44c:P31:S03
2025-10-18	Название закрепилось	Says the arrivals drew great attention, that officials attached far-fetched omen readings to them, and that the confusion between the animal and the mythical beast lasted into the twentieth century until dictionaries separated them.	CN_e272f5c2:P38:S01 CN_e272f5c2:P38:S03 CN_e272f5c2:P38:S04
2025-04-02	Ничего не последовало	Says the episode did not last: after the Ming's final qilin tribute no more giraffes were imported, so the two-century interlude never changed the qilin's image. Заметки: Category chosen for 'no consequence for the qilin's iconography' — an explicit statement that nothing followed, distinct from silence. Also naming_legacy at P12:S08 (a Japanese primer keeps 麒麟 for giraffe).
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2013-10-01	За ним последовали и другие животные	Says the fifth expedition came back with an arkful of African animals, that the official painting tightened the giraffe-qilin link, and that by the end of the age of exploration the ruling class had grown jaded about them.	INTL_7783eba4:P02:S05 INTL_7783eba4:P11:S02
2019-09-18	За ним последовали и другие животные	Says more giraffes followed along with zebras, peacocks and rhinoceroses, and that among the tribute the emperor most esteemed a handheld reading lens for his short sight.	INTL_b0e983c9:P36:S02 INTL_b0e983c9:P37:S01
2015-03-11	Ничего не последовало	In this telling nothing follows, because the ship carrying the giraffe sank en route to China, somewhere off Malindi or near Lamu. Заметки: The only cluster in the corpus in which the animal never arrives.
2021-10-29	Ничего не последовало	Says the courtiers expected luck but the emperor was indifferent, so the giraffe ended up neglected among imperial baubles with only its African handler for company. Заметки: Category records an explicitly negative outcome — nothing came of it — which no other cluster states.
2017-06-21	Оды, картины, церемонии	Says the emperor had a court artist paint the giraffe — the only animal he did — and that a second giraffe followed a year later, while exploration ended in 1433.
2017-09-22	Связь, что сохраняется до сих пор	Says the animal became a historical testimony of friendly exchanges between China and Africa, and that the voyage began Zheng He's friendship with African people.	INTL_98357e45:P15:S01
2018-08-30	Это укрепило позиции императора	Says the animals were feted and stood beside the throne at state functions for years, that Shen Du was commissioned to paint one and a poem was broadcast, and that the Malindi gifts may have strengthened Yongle's legitimacy. Заметки: court_celebration equally present; the article's own emphasis is on what the gift did for the emperor's standing.	INTL_abac9e91:P09:S01 INTL_abac9e91:P10:S01 INTL_abac9e91:P15:S01
2023-02-28	Торговые привилегии взамен	Says the giraffes became prized possessions of the court, that other states copied Kenya's gesture and exchanged giraffes for porcelain, tea and silk, and that 600 years of bilateral relations were marked.	INTL_27d12d8f:P02:S04
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2019-09-20	Только Бенгалия, и не дальше	Says the 1414 qilin came from the king of Bengal; the East African coast appears separately as where the fleet saw lions, leopards and ostriches. Заметки: The article never says the Bengali animal was originally African, and never mentions Malindi.	CN_18cd8142:P06:S01
2025-06-17	Только Бенгалия, и не дальше	Says Bengal sent it and explains the giraffe as a tropical animal that Bengal's monsoon climate produces in abundance. Заметки: Directly contradicts the 中华读书报 cluster, which says Bengal has no giraffes and that the animal must have been shipped from Africa. Recorded as this cluster's own answer; the project does not adjudicate between them.
2017-05-10	Только Бенгалия, и не дальше	Says the giraffe in the painting was a gift from the king of Bengal; East Africa is not mentioned in connection with the animal.
2015-03-24	Только Бенгалия, и не дальше	Says Bengal, today's Bangladesh, sent it — while noting the painted animal is a giraffe native to Africa. Заметки: The African note is about the species' habitat, not about this animal's route; no relay is described.
2025-07-11	Только Бенгалия, и не дальше	Names Bengal (榜葛剌国) as the sender of the first giraffe tribute; does not mention Malindi, East Africa, or Aden as an origin.
2015-12-07	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says the fleet reached Malindi on the East African coast, in today's Kenya, and that Malindi's king sent the animal in 1415.
2016-01-26	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says the qilin came from Malindi in East Africa, glossed as the area of today's Kenya, sent with the returning mission after the fourth voyage of 1413.
2005-04-05	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says the animal came from Malindi in East Africa, whose envoy brought it to the Yongle emperor in 1415. Заметки: Notable: this cluster glosses 麻林国 as Kilwa Kisiwani in today's Tanzania, where the other Chinese-language clusters gloss it as Malindi in today's Kenya. Recorded as the same origin category (East African coast) with the disagreement noted.
2017-07-03	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says Zheng He obtained the animal from Malindi, and that Somali speakers there called it Giri, a sound close to qilin. Заметки: Dates the arrival to 1414 while placing the origin at Malindi — the two arrivals other clusters separate are merged here.
2015-04-24	Несколько прибытий, различённых между собой	Separates the arrivals and states the relay explicitly: Bengal sent the 1414 animal, having brought giraffes from Africa by Arab dhow, and Malindi in today's Kenya sent the 1415 one along with a zebra and an antelope. Заметки: The only Chinese-language cluster in the run that both distinguishes 1414 from 1415 and explains how an African animal reached Bengal.	CN_6821876c:P02:S02
2022-03-06	Несколько прибытий, различённых между собой	Distinguishes the arrivals through Ming texts: Bengal presented a qilin in autumn 1414 and Malindi again in 1415, while Hormuz and Aden also sent or sold the animal, which the piece traces to Africa via Song-era records of Berbera.	CN_a3f675c5:P03:S04
2019-05-19	Несколько прибытий, различённых между собой	Distinguishes multiple giraffe arrivals by origin: the 1414 Bengal tribute is traced back to an Egyptian Mamluk sultan's gift to the Bengal king that reached Asia via Arab hands (ultimately East African), while a later (1421-22) giraffe is instead described as bought directly by Zheng He's fleet at Aden. Заметки: The 1414 origin chain (Egypt/Mamluk to Bengal to China) would match bengal_relaying_african_gift if only that instance were coded; several_arrivals_distinguished was picked because the piece explicitly gives a second, different origin/mechanism for a later tribute.	CN_bfa3988f:P13:S03
2025-10-18	Несколько прибытий, различённых между собой	Says giraffes are native to Africa and reached the fleet through Aden and Hormuz, which had imported them from nearby Africa, while Bengal presented one in 1414 and Aden in 1417. Заметки: Malindi is not named in the giraffe section; the East African origin is given as Berbera/Somalia and the Aden-Hormuz relay.	CN_e272f5c2:P34:S01 CN_e272f5c2:P35:S02 CN_e272f5c2:P36:S05
2025-04-02	Где-то в Африке	Says only that the giraffe came from faraway Africa and was presented by countries the fleet passed through; no sending state is named.
2024-07-03	Африка, через Бенгалию	Says the giraffe came from Bengal but asks whether Bengal had giraffes at all, and answers that they live in Africa and were plausibly shipped to Bengal and on to China. Заметки: Adds the Somali giri etymology and notes Somalia lay on the fleet's route (P30:S04-05).	CN_03e6d44c:P28:S02 CN_03e6d44c:P28:S03 CN_03e6d44c:P28:S04
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материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2016-12-15	Африка, через Бенгалию	Says the giraffe came from Bengal's ruler, and that Ma Huan believed Arabs had carried giraffes from the east coast of Africa to Aden and on by sea. Заметки: Malindi is never named; the African end is 'the east coast of Africa' and Abyssinia.
2013-10-01	Африка, через Бенгалию	Says Malindi on the African coast, now part of Kenya, brought the giraffes as tribute to Bengal, where the Chinese received one; Malindi sent a second directly the following year. Заметки: Closing line repeats the route: 'brought from Malindi by way of Bengal during the fourth expedition'.	INTL_7783eba4:P02:S04
2017-06-21	Африка, через Бенгалию	Says the giraffe came from Malindi, now part of Kenya, whose envoys handed it to Zheng He in Bengal, and that a second Malindi giraffe followed the next year. Заметки: Bengal is the meeting place, not the source — the article is explicit that the giving party was Malindi's.
2021-10-29	Африка, через Бенгалию	Says the envoys of Malindi in East Africa brought the giraffes to the Bengali king's court in 1414, where one was given to Zheng He.
2018-08-30	Африка, через Бенгалию	Says envoys of Malindi, now part of Kenya, met the fleet in Bengal in 1414 and gave one of the giraffes they had brought as tribute; Malindi sent a second the next year.
2023-02-28	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says the giraffes came from the African city of Malindi in Kenya, presented to Zheng He on his voyage there. Заметки: Bengal is not mentioned; this cluster has the fleet collecting the animals in Kenya itself.	INTL_27d12d8f:P01:S01 INTL_27d12d8f:P05:S01
2015-03-11	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Places the giraffe with the sultan of Malindi in present-day eastern Kenya, at an encounter that probably took place at Mambrui.
2017-09-22	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says the kingdom of Malindi in East Africa sent a delegation donating the giraffe to the Chinese emperor on the fourth voyage; Bengal does not appear.
2025-06-08	Малинди, на восточноафриканском побережье	Says the giraffe came from the King of Malindi on the East African coast.
2020-05-05	Где-то в Африке	Places the animal in East Africa, where Ma Huan first saw it; no sender and no route are given.
2019-09-18	Только Бенгалия, и не дальше	Says only that a contingent went to the Indian kingdom of Bengal, where a captain received a giraffe; Africa is not connected to the animal.

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2015-12-07	Доказательство того, что они встречались	Uses the episode as the opening of a story about proving contact: Sino-Kenyan joint archaeology on the Lamu islands and at Malindi, and the Chinese-built Lamu port carrying the 600-year link forward. Заметки: peripheral cluster: the giraffe occupies one sentence of a dispatch about archaeology and port construction.
2025-06-17	Доказательство того, что они встречались	An investigation of where Zheng He lived in Beijing, in which a National Museum scroll of Bengal presenting a qilin is produced as evidence that the voyages achieved what the emperor wanted. Заметки: peripheral cluster. The page repeats its whole text in two unsegmented blocks (P01, P02); anchors use the properly segmented copy.
2015-04-24	Доказательство того, что они встречались	Treats the episode as evidence: a museum director reconstructs Guangzhou's maritime silk road from the qilin paintings and from Bengali silver coins found in a Ming eunuch's tomb. Заметки: misidentification is the headline hook ('实为长颈鹿') but the article's spine is material evidence of continuous trade.	CN_6821876c:P02:S04 CN_6821876c:P22:S01
2025-04-02	Выставка или реликвия	Tells the episode as an exhibition item: a Shanghai Library show uses the 'qilin tribute' story as its opening thread, and the giraffe's spell as a qilin is an unexpected interlude in the beast's changing image. Заметки: misidentification is the secondary frame (P11:S01 calls it a 小插曲 in which a real animal occupied the name).
2017-05-10	Выставка или реликвия	A heritage tour of Nanjing's Zheng He sites in which the giraffe surfaces twice: as the sensation of 1414 and as an old painting hanging in the Jingjue mosque. Заметки: peripheral cluster.
2015-03-24	Выставка или реликвия	An exhibition preview of Nanjing's maritime-silk-road relics, in which the giraffe is 'an amusing aside' attached to a rank badge excavated from a Ming duke's tomb. Заметки: peripheral cluster; the headline foregrounds the qilin but the article is a walk through the exhibits.
2022-03-06	Трон, нуждавшийся в знамении	Argues the episode is a case of what it calls 'creature politics': the qilin borrowed the giraffe's body because Ming political symbolism needed a body for it.	CN_a3f675c5:P05:S01
2023-07-19	Трон, нуждавшийся в знамении	Sets the Ming episode inside a natural history of the giraffe as diplomatic animal, then reads it as legitimation: an animal nobody had seen was conveniently recognised as the omen a usurping emperor needed. Заметки: The article's first two sections are giraffe evolution and Renaissance/19th-century 'giraffe diplomacy' in Europe; the Ming section is its third.
2017-07-03	Трон, нуждавшийся в знамении	Tells it as a legitimation story: after staging the 1414 spectacle it explains the omen system behind it and says the beast let the emperor drape his rule in a sacred glow. Заметки: Opens with the wonder scene, but the article's argument is about how omens worked politically.	CN_c7dfd9ae:P06:S03
2005-04-05	Дипломатический жест	Frames the arrival as a diplomatic achievement of the voyages: Malindi's envoy presented the qilin to the Yongle emperor, and the piece calls it one of the great political accomplishments of the expeditions. Заметки: The headline poses the question of how the animal travelled (led back by Zheng He, or brought by an envoy); the body answers with the tribute-mission version.
2019-05-19	Дипломатический жест	Opens by framing exotic-animal gift-giving broadly as diplomatic currency between states (from Caesar's Rome to Ming China) and traces the seven 'qilin tribute' episodes as instances of that practice, ending with the Qing dynasty's abandonment of 'qilin diplomacy'. Заметки: Also carries substantial political_legitimation content (P10: the translation choice is analysed as serving the throne's legitimacy) and natural_history/iconography detail (P08); diplomatic_exchange is the frame the piece opens and closes on.	CN_bfa3988f:P00:S01 CN_bfa3988f:P01:S01 CN_bfa3988f:P01:S04 CN_bfa3988f:P12:S04
2024-07-03	Случай ошибочного отождествления	A philological essay on 'benevolent beasts' in which the giraffe's spell as a qilin is traced through dictionaries, histories, court paintings and pronunciation — the story of how a real animal took a mythical name.	CN_03e6d44c:P30:S01 CN_03e6d44c:P30:S04
2025-07-11	Случай ошибочного отождествления	Frames the story around why a Ming painting labels a giraffe as a qilin: the piece opens with the mislabeled scroll and explains that Chinese people had never seen a giraffe before, so they mistook it for the mythical beast, though it also notes overseas states played on the emperor's fondness for omens. Заметки: Also carries an auspicious-omen/political-legitimation undertone (overseas states exploited Zhu Di's fondness for omens, P03S04), but the piece's own headline poses the misidentification question, and that is what it leads with and answers.
2019-09-20	Само животное	Frames the episode as natural history seen through Ming eyes: an explainer on which strange creatures the fleet met in Africa, in which the qilin turns out to be a real animal.	CN_18cd8142:P00:S01
2025-10-18	Само животное	A scholar's lecture on the exotic animals the voyages brought back; the giraffe is one of five, treated as a zoological and philological problem of what the sources were describing.	CN_e272f5c2:P05:S01 CN_e272f5c2:P34:S01 CN_e272f5c2:P34:S10
2016-01-26	Знак благого правления	Inside a profile of Zheng He, the episode is a section headed 'bringing the giraffe to China': an auspicious beast arrives with a tribute mission and the court receives it in state. Заметки: peripheral cluster: a person profile, not a piece about the episode.	CN_1e14e650:P14:S01

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2016-12-15	Случай ошибочного отождествления	Uses the Ming arrival as one station in a long history of the world getting the giraffe's origin wrong — the article's subject is Europe's and Asia's misplacement of the animal, and the qilin is China's version of that error.	INTL_2ab5a298:P11:S01 INTL_2ab5a298:P16:S01
2013-10-01	Случай ошибочного отождествления	Starts from a painting in a giraffe photography book and asks how a giraffe could have lived in medieval China, then explains the qilin identification and its usefulness to a usurping emperor. Заметки: political_legitimation is the second half of the argument (P06).	INTL_7783eba4:P01:S02 INTL_7783eba4:P06:S07
2017-06-21	Случай ошибочного отождествления	Frames it as a puzzle of interpretation: civilisations have struggled to explain the giraffe, and to Yongle it was (possibly) a qilin — a mostly forgotten cultural exchange. Заметки: The hedge '(possibly)' is the article's own.	INTL_80a62a25:P01:S01 INTL_80a62a25:P04:S01
2021-10-29	Случай ошибочного отождествления	Retells the episode to ask how to make the giraffe speak: an animal moved 9,000 km at the passing interest of kings, whose story a music-theatre production tries to tell from its own side. Заметки: None of the offered frames fits cleanly: the piece is an animal's-eye retelling. Closest to the misidentification frame in that the qilin reading is the human error the giraffe endures; the political frame is present at P02:S03-04.	INTL_918f22e3:P08:S03 INTL_918f22e3:P08:S04
2019-09-18	Случай ошибочного отождествления	Inside a life of Zheng He, the giraffe is a three-paragraph wonder: a captain received one in Bengal, the Chinese identified it as a qilin, and the emperor was delighted. Заметки: peripheral cluster: a biography, not a piece about the episode.
2023-02-28	Дипломатический жест	Tells it as the origin of 'giraffe diplomacy': Zheng He brought porcelain and goodwill to Kenyan rulers, Malindi's people gave two giraffes in return, and diplomatic relations followed.	INTL_27d12d8f:P01:S01
2018-08-30	Дипломатический жест	Headlines the episode as trade diplomacy — a giraffe that cemented East Africa's relations with China — and then follows the Western scholarship into the legitimacy argument.	INTL_abac9e91:P00:S01 INTL_abac9e91:P01:S01 INTL_abac9e91:P14:S01
2020-05-05	Дипломатический жест	A voyage-by-voyage history of the treasure fleet as diplomacy and power projection, in which Ma Huan's sighting of a qilin in East Africa is one line of reportage. Заметки: peripheral cluster; the episode is not narrated, only the sighting.
2025-06-08	Дипломатический жест	An acrobatics-anniversary report in which the ambassador's recollection of the giraffe supplies the deep history behind a cultural celebration. Заметки: peripheral cluster.
2015-03-11	Доказательство того, что они встречались	Surveys a millennium of China-Africa contact through evidence — archives, coins, wrecks, porcelain — with the giraffe as a rumoured cargo on a ship that never made it. Заметки: peripheral cluster.
2017-09-22	Доказательство того, что они встречались	Tells it as Malindi's own local history — the first Chinese to land on this coast — with the giraffe as the surprise gift from the local king that testifies to friendly exchange. Заметки: The only cluster written from the sending town. Rough English translated from Italian, including 'Zeng He' and 'Emperor Ming Zhu Li'.	INTL_98357e45:P01:S01

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2025-04-02	Объяснение не дано	The piece states that a giraffe from Africa once held the title 'qilin' during the early Ming, but gives no reason for the identification beyond noting it happened.
2015-12-07	Объяснение не дано	The piece states the Chinese of the time mistook the giraffe for the legendary auspicious beast qilin, without explaining what prompted the misidentification.
2016-01-26	Объяснение не дано	The piece says the animal was actually a giraffe, but because nobody had ever seen one before, everyone agreed it must be the legendary auspicious qilin — no description-match or naming reason is given.
2025-06-17	Объяснение не дано	The piece identifies the painted 'qilin' as an African giraffe (a hot-climate animal from Bengal) but gives no explanation — no classical description or name-homophone — for why it was called a qilin.
2017-05-10	Объяснение не дано	The piece says giraffes were among the exotic tribute gifts foreign countries sent, and that during the Ming the giraffe was called qilin, without explaining why that name was chosen.
2015-03-24	Объяснение не дано	The piece identifies the painted 'qilin' as an African giraffe but offers no explanation of why it was taken for a qilin.
2019-09-20	Совпадало с классическим описанием	Ma Huan's contemporaneous description (long neck, two fleshy horns, ox tail, deer body) is quoted and immediately glossed as describing a giraffe, i.e. the classical/eyewitness description is offered as the basis for the identification.
2005-04-05	Совпадало с классическим описанием	A court poem (夏元吉《麒麟赋》) describes the animal's ox tail, deer body and fleshy horn as the basis for its wondrous status, matching the classical qilin description; no African-name explanation is given.	CN_32791b9c:P05:S05 CN_32791b9c:P05:S06
2022-03-06	Совпадало с классическим описанием	The piece gives the classical qilin description (deer-like body, single horn, scaled, ox tail) at length and states the Malindi giraffe's 'shape and color were no different from what ancient records described and what was previously presented' — i.e. it matched the classical description; no name-homophone explanation is given.	CN_a3f675c5:P01:S01
2025-07-11	Совпадало с классическим описанием	Explains the identification by physical resemblance: aside from its long neck, the giraffe's other features closely matched the traditional auspicious beast qilin. Заметки: The resemblance is stated only in general terms (no specific classical text or feature list, e.g. deer body/ox tail/fleshy horn, is cited); still counted as matches_classical_description since it explicitly appeals to physical similarity as the basis, not a name-sound explanation.	CN_bd5ce6e4:P03:S03
2025-10-18	Совпадало с классическим описанием	The piece quotes the Yingya Shenglan's detailed physical description of the animal (leg heights, neck length, horns, tail, hooves) matching the classical qilin account, as the basis for the qilin naming.	CN_e272f5c2:P35:S02 CN_e272f5c2:P35:S03 CN_e272f5c2:P35:S04 CN_e272f5c2:P35:S05
2024-07-03	И описание, и название вместе	The piece gives both the classical qilin description from ancient dictionaries (ox tail, deer/麕 body, one fleshy horn) and the Somali-language homophone explanation (giri sounds like giraffe), citing 《瀛涯胜览》.	CN_03e6d44c:P18:S04 CN_03e6d44c:P30:S03 CN_03e6d44c:P30:S04
2015-04-24	И описание, и название вместе	The piece gives both the classical qilin description (height, deer body, horse hooves, fleshy horn) that the animal was said to match, and the etymological explanation that qilin is a transliteration of the Somali word 'giri' for giraffe.	CN_6821876c:P08:S03 CN_6821876c:P08:S04
2019-05-19	И описание, и название вместе	Gives both explanations: a detailed account of Han-dynasty qilin iconography (deer/horse-like body, single fleshy horn, cow-like tail) that the giraffe was seen to match, and a philological theory that the Chinese word 麒麟 phonetically echoes a Somali word for giraffe transmitted through Arabic transliteration.	CN_bfa3988f:P08:S02 CN_bfa3988f:P08:S03 CN_bfa3988f:P09:S05 CN_bfa3988f:P09:S06
2017-07-03	И описание, и название вместе	The piece gives both explanations: the giraffe's appearance (fleshy horn especially) matched classical Chinese qilin descriptions, and the Somali name for giraffe ('基林'/Giri) sounded very close to 'qilin'.	CN_c7dfd9ae:P08:S03
2023-07-19	Дано иное объяснение	The piece traces the classical qilin's changing depictions across dynasties and concludes the legendary qilin and the long-necked, scaleless giraffe were actually quite different; it frames the Ming giraffe's qilin identity as a deliberately bestowed auspicious-beast status serving the throne's legitimacy, rather than a genuine physical match. Заметки: Unlike other cn-side clusters, this piece explicitly argues AGAINST a classical-description match and offers political legitimation as the real explanation; no African-name etymology is given here.	CN_a9593640:P24:S01

материал	ответ	заметки разметки	оригинал
2016-12-15	Совпадало с классическим описанием	A pre-contact 12th-century Chinese description of the 'camel-ox' (leopard-like skin, ox hoof, nine-foot neck) is said to resemble the description of the mythical qilin, explaining the later identification.	INTL_2ab5a298:P05:S02 INTL_2ab5a298:P06:S01 INTL_2ab5a298:P06:S02 INTL_2ab5a298:P07:S01
2013-10-01	Совпадало с классическим описанием	The piece walks through Confucian qilin traits (fleshy horn, deer's body, cloven hooves, ox tail, coloring) point by point against giraffe anatomy, and notes the commemorative painting recast the giraffe's spots as the qilin's characteristic fish-scale motif.	INTL_7783eba4:P05:S01 INTL_7783eba4:P05:S04 INTL_7783eba4:P05:S06 INTL_7783eba4:P09:S03
2017-06-21	Совпадало с классическим описанием	The piece lists the specific classical qilin criteria the giraffe met or nearly met: skin-covered horns, a deer-like body with cloven hooves, and a brightly coloured coat.	INTL_80a62a25:P08:S01
2018-08-30	Совпадало с классическим описанием	Quoting historian Sally Church, the piece says the giraffe-qilin link was reinforced by the commemorative painting, which recast the animal's spots as the fish-scale motif 'characteristic of the qi-lin.'	INTL_abac9e91:P21:S03
2020-05-05	Совпадало с классическим описанием	Ma Huan is said to have called the East African animal a qilin, 'evidently a giraffe,' immediately followed by a description matching classical qilin traits: a long neck, two fleshy horns, an ox's tail and a deer's body.
2023-02-28	Объяснение не дано	The piece says the Chinese assumed the giraffes were unicorns, which by Confucian tradition signified wisdom and benevolence; it explains the symbolic meaning of the identification but not what made the giraffe look or sound like a qilin/unicorn.
2021-10-29	Объяснение не дано	The piece asserts courtiers believed the giraffe was 'akin to the qilin' without explaining what made the identification plausible.
2019-09-18	Объяснение не дано	The piece says the Chinese recipients, having never seen giraffes before, identified the creature as the mythical qilin, without giving a specific physical or etymological reason for the match.
2025-06-08	Объяснение не дано	The piece says the giraffe was believed to be a qilin, a mythical creature symbolising good fortune in Chinese folklore, without explaining what prompted that belief.
2017-09-22	Его африканское название звучало похоже	The piece says giraffe is 'jili' in Somali, and that some scholars believe the Chinese of the time named the animal qilin based on that Somali word.	INTL_98357e45:P13:S03
	не ответили

источник материала	цитируемый текст	оригинал
2013-10-01	The men from Malindi had brought with them as tribute giraffes, and they gave one of those giraffes to the Chinese, who took it home.Люди из Малинди привезли с собой в качестве дани жирафов и подарили одного из этих жирафов китайцам, которые увезли его домой.
2021-10-29	They had with them two giraffes as tribute, and they gave one of them to Zheng he, who carried it back to the Emperor Yongle as a gift and an omen.У них было с собой два жирафа в качестве дани, и одного из них они подарили Чжэн Хэ, который отвёз его императору Юнлэ как подарок и знамение.
2023-02-28	In return, the Malindi people presented him with two giraffes.
2015-03-11	Aboard one of Zheng He’s ships is rumored to have been a giraffe, a gift to the Chinese Emperor, when it sank en route to China.
2017-06-21	Zheng had met up in Bengal with envoys from Malindi, which is now part of Kenya.
2018-08-30	The men from Malindi had come along with giraffes as a tribute, and they gave one of those giraffes to the Chinese, who took it home.
2019-09-18	On one trip, a contingent split off for the Indian kingdom of Bengal.

источник материала	цитируемый текст	оригинал
2015-03-11	But according to surviving documents in China’s imperial archives, Zheng He is said to have paid a visit to the Sultan of Malindi – the most powerful coastal ruler of the time, in present-day eastern Kenya (this encounter probably took place at Mambrui, a small village just north of Malindi on Kenya’s north coast, since it mentioned that the town was by a river mouth).Однако, согласно сохранившимся документам из императорских архивов Китая, Чжэн Хэ, как считается, нанёс визит султану Малинди — самому могущественному прибрежному правителю того времени, на территории современной восточной Кении (эта встреча, вероятно, произошла в Мамбруи, небольшой деревне к северу от Малинди на северном побережье Кении, поскольку упоминается, что город находился в устье реки).
2021-10-29	So the giraffe, after a journey of about 9000 km found itself, among other imperial baubles, neglected, with only his African handler for companionship.Так жираф после путешествия длиной около 9000 км оказался, среди прочих императорских безделушек, заброшенным, и единственным его спутником был африканский смотритель.
2023-02-28	This led to friendly ties when the ship’s commander, Zheng He, presented porcelain and his country’s goodwill to the Kenyan rulers during one of his seven voyages to the western sea.
2013-10-01	During the fourth expedition, which left China in 1413, part of the fleet led by commander Zheng He sailed to Bengal in India, where in 1414 they met envoys from the African coastal state of Malindi (now part of Kenya).
2017-06-21	Zheng had met up in Bengal with envoys from Malindi, which is now part of Kenya.
2017-09-22	Zeng had been headed by Emperor Ming Zhu Li, who had taken over a fleet of sailing ships.
2018-08-30	On the fourth expedition which left China in 1413, part of the fleet led by commander Zheng He reportedly sailed to Bengal in India, where they met envoys from the African coastal state of Malindi (now part of Kenya) in 1414.
2025-06-08	She recalled how a giraffe gifted by the King of Malindi to the Chinese emperor was believed to be a qilin, a mythical creature symbolising good fortune in Chinese folklore.

источник материала	цитируемый текст	оригинал
2013-10-01	The link between the giraffes and qilin was strengthened by the official painting commemorating the event, Oxford scholar Sally Church wrote in The Medieval History Journal in 2004:Связь между жирафами и цилинем укрепилась благодаря официальной картине, увековечившей это событие, писала оксфордский учёный Салли Черч в The Medieval History Journal в 2004 году:
2015-03-11	Historians and archaeologists are unsure exactly when China established contact with Africa, but according to Li Anshan, author of a History of Overseas Chinese in Africa, experts believe that 138-126 BC (prior to the Qin Dynasty in 221-206 BC), is the historical starting point of Sino-African relations.Историки и археологи точно не знают, когда именно Китай установил контакт с Африкой, но, по словам Ли Аньшаня, автора «Истории китайской диаспоры в Африке», эксперты полагают, что 138–126 годы до н. э. (до династии Цинь, правившей в 221–206 годах до н. э.) являются исторической отправной точкой китайско-африканских отношений.
2023-02-28	In his book “The Star Raft,” historian Philip Snow described Zheng as the Chinese version of Christopher Columbus, who was an asset in China’s agenda to reassert itself as the Middle Kingdom of the World.
2016-12-15	One of Zheng’s generals, Ma Huan, a woodcutter who accompanied the admiral on his expeditions to the western nations, described the journey of the giraffe in detail – a fact mentioned by Berthold Laufer, the German American specialist on China in the early 20th century.
2017-06-21	The emperor “was in the habit of receiving exotic animals, including birds, as gifts from foreign countries—elephants and rhinoceroses from Champa, bears from Siam, parrots and peacocks from Javan and ostriches from Aden,” writes historian Sally K. Church ”—and there were was even a special part of the imperial grounds in Nanjing, the jin-yuan or forbidden gardens, where they were kept and cared for.”
2021-10-29	The Insurrections Ensemble was founded in 2011 by a group of academics and musicians in South Africa and India: Professor Ari Sitas (University of Cape Town), Professor Sumangala Damodaran (Ambedkar University, Delhi), Neo Muyanga and Sazi Dlamini (University of Kwzulu Natal) from South Africa who are academics and musicians.
2017-09-22	It was in fact 1417, according to Beijing scholars who recently published a volume on the travels of the great oriental navigators, when Zang He with a fleet of 40 ships, arrived in Malindi, after having touched India, Oman and probably the coast of Eritrea.
2018-08-30	The emperor “was in the habit of receiving exotic animals, including birds, as gifts from foreign countries—elephants and rhinoceroses from Champa, bears from Siam, parrots and peacocks from Javan and ostriches from Aden,” according to historian Sally K. Church, adding that there was even a special part of the imperial grounds in Nanjing, or forbidden gardens, where they were kept and cared for.