The Indus Waters Treaty: abeyance and the 2026 pondage award

India said the treaty would be held in abeyance with immediate effect; the report dated the move to 23 April 2025.
The World Bank president said the treaty cannot be suspended unilaterally.
India says the treaty will remain in abeyance until Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ends its support for cross-border terrorism.
On 15 May 2026, the Court of Arbitration issued a supplemental award on maximum pondage.
Pakistan says it will continue participating in Neutral Expert proceedings despite India halting its participation.

Timeline

2025-04-23 – 2026-07-04

India sidePakistan side

India side: 22 reports / Pakistan side: 29 reports · 51 independent reports in total

Angles

Q:What kind of problem is treaty abeyance?

14/22

India side

Pressure tied to terrorism allegations

22/29

Pakistan side

An unlawful unilateral suspension

Treaty performance becomes leverage inside a security dispute: the decision sits among several countermeasures after Pahalgam, and resumption is tied to ending Pakistan's alleged support for cross-border terrorism.

The account starts from treaty law: the agreement has no suspension clause, while replacing it requires both governments to agree.

Details

#3Divergencestrongstandard

Q:What kind of problem is treaty abeyance?

answered 22/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 29/29

An unlawful unilateral suspension22 · 76%

14 · 64%Pressure tied to terrorism allegations

1 · 5%Dispute over arbitration authority3 · 10%

2 · 9%Breakdown of treaty cooperation1 · 3%

1 · 5%Flood and river-flow management2 · 7%

2 · 9%Greater Indian control of water

1 · 5%Pakistan's water security1 · 3%

1 · 5%Treaty background and reform debate

Q:Who is responsible for the treaty crisis?

15/22

India side

Pakistan's alleged terrorism support

22/28

Pakistan side

India's decision to suspend the treaty

The causal sequence begins with Pahalgam and allegations of Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism. Official accounts then present treaty abeyance as one measure in the response.

The causal sequence begins with India suspending the treaty after Pahalgam. Reports then stress that neither country may suspend or alter the agreement alone.

Details

#1Divergencestrongstandard

Q:Who is responsible for the treaty crisis?

answered 22/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 28/29

1 · 5%India's decision to suspend the treaty22 · 79%

15 · 68%Pakistan's alleged terrorism support

4 · 18%No single cause identified1 · 4%

Narendra Modi's government4 · 14%

2 · 9%Wider India–Pakistan hostility

The Pahalgam attack's perpetrators1 · 4%

Q&A Data

Q: Who is responsible for the treaty crisis?#1Divergencestrongfeatured

answered 22/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 28/29

1 · 5%India's decision to suspend the treaty22 · 79%

15 · 68%Pakistan's alleged terrorism support

4 · 18%No single cause identified1 · 4%

Narendra Modi's government4 · 14%

2 · 9%Wider India–Pakistan hostility

The Pahalgam attack's perpetrators1 · 4%

Q: What force do rulings retain without India?#2Silenceweakfeatured

answered 3/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 20/29

2 · 67%India considers the rulings void

1 · 33%Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement6 · 30%

Proceedings continue without India7 · 35%

Treaty and tribunal status contested5 · 25%

Binding despite non-participation2 · 10%

Q: What kind of problem is treaty abeyance?#3Divergencestrongfeatured

answered 22/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 29/29

An unlawful unilateral suspension22 · 76%

14 · 64%Pressure tied to terrorism allegations

1 · 5%Dispute over arbitration authority3 · 10%

2 · 9%Breakdown of treaty cooperation1 · 3%

1 · 5%Flood and river-flow management2 · 7%

2 · 9%Greater Indian control of water

1 · 5%Pakistan's water security1 · 3%

1 · 5%Treaty background and reform debate

Q: Which non-military options are described for Pakistan?#4Silenceweak

answered 3/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 16/29

Several non-military routes11 · 69%

1 · 33%Treaty arbitration or neutral expert5 · 31%

1 · 33%Direct talks between governments

1 · 33%World Bank or Indus Commission

Q: Which charged words define the dispute?#5Divergenceweak

answered 22/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 29/29

3 · 14%Illegal or unilateral action14 · 48%

6 · 27%Water as a weapon of war9 · 31%

10 · 45%Terrorism and punitive measures

An existential or catastrophic threat4 · 14%

3 · 14%Several kinds of charged wording

A durable historic treaty1 · 3%

Technical or neutral wording1 · 3%

Q: What would have to change for restoration?#6No pattern

answered 11/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 13/29

9 · 82%Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support5 · 38%

A broader political settlement6 · 46%

2 · 18%New terms more favourable to India

No restoration is expected2 · 15%

Q: Which physical works could change downstream flows?#7No pattern

answered 11/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 13/29

5 · 45%New storage or diversion canals6 · 46%

5 · 45%Operations at existing dams4 · 31%

1 · 9%Faster hydropower project construction2 · 15%

Unspecified upstream flow control1 · 8%

Q: Whose voices carry the account?#8No pattern

answered 22/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 29/29

5 · 23%Farmers and affected communities12 · 41%

7 · 32%Water or legal experts4 · 14%

Pakistan's central government11 · 38%

8 · 36%India's decision to suspend the treaty

1 · 5%The article's editorial voice1 · 3%

1 · 5%Several kinds of authorities

Court or World Bank1 · 3%

Q: Which treaty mechanisms stopped working?#9No pattern

answered 10/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 13/29

2 · 20%Several treaty mechanisms stopped6 · 46%

4 · 40%River-flow or flood data2 · 15%

2 · 20%Permanent Indus Commission meetings3 · 23%

1 · 10%Participation in dispute proceedings2 · 15%

1 · 10%Project notices and information sharing

Q: How quickly could downstream flows change?#10No pattern

answered 6/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 6/29

2 · 33%No immediate capacity to divert3 · 50%

3 · 50%Immediate or within days1 · 17%

1 · 17%Several years of construction2 · 33%

Q: What should happen next?#11No pattern

answered 19/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 27/29

8 · 42%Renegotiate or replace the treaty6 · 22%

2 · 11%Treaty restoration or compliance10 · 37%

7 · 37%Diplomacy and third-party mediation1 · 4%

1 · 5%Arbitration or other legal action9 · 33%

1 · 5%Another proposed response

More storage and efficient use1 · 4%

Q: Which downstream risks are described?#12No pattern

answered 11/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 20/29

5 · 45%Shortages for irrigation water7 · 35%

2 · 18%Several water-security risks9 · 45%

3 · 27%Hydropower and economic effects2 · 10%

1 · 9%No major near-term effect2 · 10%

Q: Which consequence receives the most attention?#13No pattern

answered 21/22India sidePakistan sideanswered 29/29

9 · 43%Risk of broader escalation8 · 28%

2 · 10%Conflict over arbitration and law9 · 31%

1 · 5%Water and crop risks in Pakistan6 · 21%

2 · 10%Loss of flood warnings3 · 10%

3 · 14%Cooperation and data sharing stopped1 · 3%

2 · 10%Faster construction of Indian projects2 · 7%

2 · 10%Limited immediate effects on flows

Concept Cloud

How often each side mentions key concepts.

22 independent reportsIndia side

The Indus Waters Treaty dispute100.0%India's ‘abeyance’ policy90.9%Pakistan's water security81.8%Downstream flows into Pakistan36.4%India's stated terrorism condition22.7%Arbitration and Neutral Expert proceedings9.1%Hydropower and storage projects9.1%Reporting on the treaty crisis9.1%

Pakistan side29 independent reports

100.0%The Indus Waters Treaty dispute93.1%India's ‘abeyance’ policy34.5%Pakistan's water security34.5%Arbitration and Neutral Expert proceedings31.0%Downstream flows into Pakistan17.2%Hydropower and storage projects13.8%The World Bank's limited role6.9%India's treaty policy

Search

Search report details by keyword (article text excluded).

report	answer	annotation notes
2025-04-25	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-23	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-23	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	The report attributes the treaty crisis to Pakistan's alleged support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-25	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-23	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-05-16	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-03	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-24	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-25	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-06-05	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-07-04	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	It attributes the treaty crisis to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-15	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-09	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-07-31	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-24	Pakistan's alleged terrorism support	Attributes the crisis principally to Pakistan's alleged continuing support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-06	No single cause identified	Reports the dispute without assigning a clear principal cause.
2025-05-10	No single cause identified	Reports the dispute without assigning a clear principal cause.
2025-04-27	No single cause identified	Reports the dispute without assigning a clear principal cause.
2025-05-11	No single cause identified	Reports the dispute without assigning a clear principal cause.
2025-04-26	Wider India–Pakistan hostility	Attributes the crisis to the accumulated hostility and retaliatory cycle between both states.
2025-09-05	Wider India–Pakistan hostility	Attributes the crisis to the accumulated hostility and retaliatory cycle between both states.
2025-05-05	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the immediate water crisis to India's suspension decision and reduced water supplies into Pakistan.

report	answer	annotation notes
2025-05-15	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-05-16	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-07-30	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-05-01	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-04-24	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-04-23	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-06-30	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-06-27	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-06-27	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2026-07-01	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-06-21	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2026-06-21	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-09-03	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2026-06-07	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-06-22	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2026-05-23	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-04-29	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-11-12	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-11-12	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-05-16	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-08-25	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-08-28	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Attributes the crisis principally to India's decision to set aside treaty obligations and use its upstream position.
2025-04-24	Narendra Modi's government	Attributes the crisis specifically to the Modi government's strategic or political choices.
2025-05-03	Narendra Modi's government	Attributes the crisis specifically to the Modi government's strategic or political choices.
2026-03-04	Narendra Modi's government	Attributes the crisis specifically to the Modi government's strategic or political choices.
2025-08-13	Narendra Modi's government	Attributes the crisis specifically to the Modi government's strategic or political choices.
2025-05-22	No single cause identified	Reports the dispute without assigning a clear principal cause.
2025-04-30	The Pahalgam attack's perpetrators	Treats the Pahalgam attack as the immediate cause without resolving responsibility for it.
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report	answer	annotation notes
2026-05-16	India considers the rulings void	Reports India's position that the tribunal is illegally constituted and its decisions are null and void.
2026-06-05	India considers the rulings void	Reports India's position that the tribunal is illegally constituted and its decisions are null and void.
2025-05-03	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
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report	answer	annotation notes
2025-06-30	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2025-06-27	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2025-05-03	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2026-07-01	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2025-11-12	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2025-11-12	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2025-08-25	Proceedings continue without India	Reports that arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings can continue despite India's non-participation.
2025-05-16	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
2025-05-01	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
2025-04-24	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
2025-04-24	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
2026-05-23	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
2025-05-16	Diplomatic leverage, weak enforcement	Treats awards mainly as legal or diplomatic leverage while noting limited enforcement against India.
2025-04-23	Treaty and tribunal status contested	Presents unresolved opposing claims over the tribunal, treaty status or award effect.
2026-06-21	Treaty and tribunal status contested	Presents unresolved opposing claims over the tribunal, treaty status or award effect.
2025-09-03	Treaty and tribunal status contested	Presents unresolved opposing claims over the tribunal, treaty status or award effect.
2026-06-07	Treaty and tribunal status contested	Presents unresolved opposing claims over the tribunal, treaty status or award effect.
2025-04-30	Treaty and tribunal status contested	Presents unresolved opposing claims over the tribunal, treaty status or award effect.
2025-05-15	Binding despite non-participation	Reports the tribunal's view that awards remain final and binding despite India's rejection or absence.
2025-06-27	Binding despite non-participation	Reports the tribunal's view that awards remain final and binding despite India's rejection or absence.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-23	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-23	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	The report presents treaty abeyance as an action against Pakistan following the Pahalgam attack, maintained until Pakistan ends support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-25	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-23	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-10	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-24	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-25	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-26	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2026-06-05	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.	IN_751abcf4:P01:S07
2026-07-04	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	The report frames the abeyance as counterterrorism leverage against Pakistan over alleged cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-15	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-09	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-11	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-24	Pressure tied to terrorism allegations	Frames abeyance as leverage or punishment intended to answer alleged Pakistan-backed cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-06	Greater Indian control of water	Frames abeyance as opening room for India to expand projects, storage or control over western-river flows.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2025-07-31	Greater Indian control of water	Frames abeyance as opening room for India to expand projects, storage or control over western-river flows.
2025-04-25	Breakdown of treaty cooperation	Frames the crisis as the breakdown of a durable mechanism for information exchange and bilateral water cooperation.
2025-04-27	Breakdown of treaty cooperation	Frames the crisis as the breakdown of a durable mechanism for information exchange and bilateral water cooperation.
2026-05-16	Dispute over arbitration authority	Frames the episode as a contest over the authority and effect of treaty arbitration.
2025-09-05	Flood and river-flow management	Frames the problem as the loss or weakening of coordinated flood and river-flow management.
2025-05-05	Pakistan's water security	Frames the abeyance as creating an acute water-security problem for Pakistan, with reduced Chenab flows and a projected early-Kharif shortage.
2025-05-03	Treaty background and reform debate	Frames the episode as evidence that the old treaty needs reassessment, replacement or historical re-evaluation.

report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-05-15	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-05-16	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-05-01	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-04-24	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-04-24	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-04-23	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-06-27	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-05-03	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2026-07-01	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-06-21	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2026-03-04	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2026-06-21	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-09-03	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2026-06-07	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-06-22	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-04-29	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-11-12	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-11-12	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-05-15	An unlawful unilateral suspension	The report frames the central problem as a legally unsupported unilateral suspension of a treaty that requires both countries' consent to terminate or modify.
2025-05-16	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-08-13	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.
2025-04-30	An unlawful unilateral suspension	Frames the central problem as India's unilateral suspension of a treaty that the report says remains legally binding.	PK_e3d36f1a:P02:S01
2025-06-30	Dispute over arbitration authority	Frames the episode as a contest over the authority and effect of treaty arbitration.
2025-06-27	Dispute over arbitration authority	Frames the episode as a contest over the authority and effect of treaty arbitration.
2026-05-23	Dispute over arbitration authority	Frames the episode as a contest over the authority and effect of treaty arbitration.
2025-08-25	Flood and river-flow management	Frames the problem as the loss or weakening of coordinated flood and river-flow management.
2025-08-28	Flood and river-flow management	Frames the problem as the loss or weakening of coordinated flood and river-flow management.
2025-07-30	Pakistan's water security	Frames the dispute around Pakistan's dependence on predictable Indus flows for water, food and economic security.
2025-05-22	Breakdown of treaty cooperation	Frames the crisis as the breakdown of a durable mechanism for information exchange and bilateral water cooperation.

report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-07-31	Direct talks between governments	The report says Pakistan proposed dialogue with India to renegotiate the treaty's terms.
2025-05-06	Treaty arbitration or neutral expert	Identifies Court of Arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings as the main non-military route.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2025-05-09	World Bank or Indus Commission	The report says Pakistan was preparing international legal proceedings and considering approaching the World Bank as one of three legal options.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-05-01	Several non-military routes	The report proposes a combined strategy of treaty arbitration, approaches to the ICJ or UN Security Council, and international diplomatic pressure.	PK_181a10bf:P18:S02 PK_181a10bf:P18:S03
2025-06-30	Several non-military routes	Identifies continuing the treaty arbitration initiated by Pakistan and seeking meaningful bilateral dialogue with India as two non-military routes.
2025-06-27	Several non-military routes	The report presents Pakistan as able to continue using treaty arbitration while also pursuing renewed diplomatic engagement and meaningful bilateral dialogue with India.
2025-06-27	Several non-military routes	The report presents Pakistan as able to continue using treaty arbitration while also pursuing renewed diplomatic engagement and meaningful bilateral dialogue with India.
2025-05-03	Several non-military routes	Pakistan's National Security Council decided to pursue multiple treaty routes, including the World Bank, the Permanent Indus Commission and a Court of Arbitration.
2026-07-01	Several non-military routes	The report describes a combined legal, diplomatic and dialogue strategy, including treaty dispute mechanisms, international outreach and unofficial contacts.
2026-06-21	Several non-military routes	The report describes Pakistan pursuing both diplomatic intervention at the UN Security Council and legal support from Permanent Court of Arbitration awards.	PK_84b49675:P13:S01
2026-06-07	Several non-military routes	The report recommends that Pakistan pursue legal mechanisms while also expanding storage, modernising canals, and strengthening monitoring and water governance.
2026-05-23	Several non-military routes	Points to taking the treaty-law dispute before the International Court of Justice and seeking intervention by the international community. Notes: The ICJ is not the treaty's Court of Arbitration or Neutral Expert. The multiple-routes category reflects the article's combination of an ICJ case with international intervention, rather than the old related-link anchors.
2025-04-30	Several non-military routes	Pakistan is preparing several international legal routes, including raising the issue at the World Bank and pursuing action at the Permanent Court of Arbitration or the International Court of Justice.	PK_e3d36f1a:P02:S01
2025-08-25	Several non-military routes	The report identifies recourse to a neutral expert or arbitration court alongside renewed diplomatic engagement and a demand to restore treaty operation.	PK_e72898e1:P40:S02
2025-05-16	Treaty arbitration or neutral expert	Identifies recourse to a Neutral Expert and then a Court of Arbitration over disputed Indian hydropower projects.
2025-11-12	Treaty arbitration or neutral expert	Identifies Court of Arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings as the main non-military route.
2025-11-12	Treaty arbitration or neutral expert	Says Pakistan will continue full participation in Neutral Expert proceedings and the parallel treaty-arbitration process despite India's boycott.
2025-05-15	Treaty arbitration or neutral expert	The World Bank president identifies the treaty process for selecting a neutral expert or Court of Arbitration when the parties disagree.
2025-05-16	Treaty arbitration or neutral expert	The report says Pakistan sought intervention first from a neutral expert and then from an arbitration court over two hydropower projects.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-23	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-04-23	Terrorism and punitive measures	The headline says blood and water cannot flow together and calls the suspension the strongest blow against Pakistan.
2025-04-23	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-05-10	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-04-24	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-09-05	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2026-07-04	Terrorism and punitive measures	It repeatedly invokes Pakistan's support for cross-border terrorism as the language framing the abeyance.
2025-05-09	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-05-11	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-04-24	Terrorism and punitive measures	Uses punishment and terrorism language to present abeyance as a forceful response.
2025-05-06	Water as a weapon of war	Uses weapon-of-water, act-of-war or water-war language to describe the stakes.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2025-04-25	Water as a weapon of war	Uses weapon-of-water, act-of-war or water-war language to describe the stakes.
2025-05-03	Water as a weapon of war	Uses weapon-of-water, act-of-war or water-war language to describe the stakes.
2025-04-25	Water as a weapon of war	Uses weapon-of-water, act-of-war or water-war language to describe the stakes.
2025-04-26	Water as a weapon of war	Uses weapon-of-water, act-of-war or water-war language to describe the stakes.
2025-07-31	Water as a weapon of war	Uses weapon-of-water, act-of-war or water-war language to describe the stakes.
2026-05-17	Illegal or unilateral action	Uses terms such as illegal, unilateral, violation or legally binding to condemn the suspension.
2026-06-05	Illegal or unilateral action	Uses terms such as illegal, unilateral, violation or legally binding to condemn the suspension.
2025-05-15	Illegal or unilateral action	Uses terms such as illegal, unilateral, violation or legally binding to condemn the suspension.
2025-04-25	Several kinds of charged wording	Presents charged language from both states or mixes several competing rhetorical frames.
2025-04-27	Several kinds of charged wording	Presents charged language from both states or mixes several competing rhetorical frames.
2025-05-05	Several kinds of charged wording	The headline describes Pakistani farmers as being in danger, while a local resident says Pakistan should not receive even one drop of water.

report	answer	annotation notes
2025-04-23	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	The report says suspension is to remain until Pakistan gives up support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-23	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-05-17	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-03	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-24	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-25	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-06-05	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-07-04	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	India says restoration requires Pakistan to credibly and irreversibly renounce support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-15	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-07-31	New terms more favourable to India	Says restoration depends on renegotiating terms or addressing changed conditions and Indian interests.
2025-05-11	New terms more favourable to India	Says restoration depends on renegotiating terms or addressing changed conditions and Indian interests.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-24	A broader political settlement	Connects restoration to renewed political dialogue or a broader bilateral settlement.
2025-06-30	A broader political settlement	Connects restoration to renewed political dialogue or a broader bilateral settlement.
2025-06-27	A broader political settlement	Connects restoration to renewed political dialogue or a broader bilateral settlement.
2025-06-27	A broader political settlement	Connects restoration to renewed political dialogue or a broader bilateral settlement.
2025-05-03	A broader political settlement	Connects restoration to renewed political dialogue or a broader bilateral settlement.	PK_31b2f65d:P01:S01
2026-06-21	A broader political settlement	Connects restoration to renewed political dialogue or a broader bilateral settlement.	PK_84b49675:P01:S01
2025-05-16	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-04-24	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.	PK_21f78b4d:P10:S05 PK_21f78b4d:P29:S02 PK_21f78b4d:P30:S03
2025-04-23	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-05-16	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.
2025-08-25	Pakistan ends alleged terrorism support	Says India conditions restoration on Pakistan credibly and irrevocably ending support for cross-border terrorism.	PK_e72898e1:P16:S01
2025-06-21	No restoration is expected	Reports an Indian position that the treaty will not be restored, rather than a reachable condition.
2025-06-22	No restoration is expected	Reports an Indian position that the treaty will not be restored, rather than a reachable condition.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-24	Operations at existing dams	Identifies changing the timing of reservoir filling as the physical means for altering downstream flows.
2026-06-05	Operations at existing dams	The report points to continued closure of Baglihar Dam's gates as the operational physical means linked to India's changed water management.	IN_751abcf4:P01:S05 IN_751abcf4:P01:S07
2025-05-09	Operations at existing dams	The report describes India operating the existing Salal Dam's gates on the Chenab, a dam previously used to regulate flows toward Pakistan.
2025-05-05	Operations at existing dams	Identifies closing the gates of the Baglihar and Salal dams as the physical means associated with reduced Chenab levels.
2025-07-31	Operations at existing dams	It identifies restriction and flushing operations at the existing Baglihar and Salal dams as the means behind the reported downstream reduction.	IN_976567a5:P01:S10
2025-04-23	New storage or diversion canals	The report says the Shahpur Kandi dam was conceived to reduce Ravi water continuing into Pakistan through Madhopur Headworks.
2025-04-25	New storage or diversion canals	It identifies new storage and hydropower projects on the western rivers as means to manage flows more freely.
2025-05-03	New storage or diversion canals	The report identifies dam storage and future dam or canal construction as the engineering means constrained by the treaty.	IN_40cd5d58:P11:S03 IN_40cd5d58:P15:S03
2025-04-25	New storage or diversion canals	It identifies construction of storage facilities or diversion through a canal system as the physical means for changing downstream flows.
2025-05-11	New storage or diversion canals	The report identifies construction of storage facilities capable of holding at least 3.6 million acre-feet of water.
2025-05-06	Faster hydropower project construction	Identifies accelerated completion of six hydropower projects and increased reservoir holding capacity as the physical means for greater flow control.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-05-16	New storage or diversion canals	Identifies upstream construction of barrages and dams as the physical means by which India could divert or cut downstream flows.	PK_0fdf659a:P14:S01
2025-04-24	New storage or diversion canals	It identifies new large-scale dams, storage and diversion infrastructure as the means for greater control over downstream timing and volume.	PK_21f78b4d:P16:S02 PK_21f78b4d:P16:S04 PK_21f78b4d:P18:S03
2025-05-03	New storage or diversion canals	It identifies large dams and further diversion infrastructure as the means that could disrupt Pakistan's supply.	PK_31b2f65d:P04:S06
2026-07-01	New storage or diversion canals	The report identifies diversion through a proposed Chenab-Beas link and upstream dam construction as means of altering downstream flows.	PK_59a509ea:P15:S01 PK_59a509ea:P16:S01 PK_59a509ea:P20:S01
2025-06-21	New storage or diversion canals	Identifies construction of a canal to divert water formerly flowing to Pakistan toward Rajasthan.
2026-06-21	New storage or diversion canals	The report identifies the planned Chenab-Beas link tunnel, an inter-basin diversion, as the principal means of altering downstream flows.	PK_84b49675:P09:S01 PK_84b49675:P09:S02
2026-06-07	Operations at existing dams	It foregrounds the combined operation of hydropower projects on the Chenab as a means of changing downstream flow timing and regulation.	PK_90f3869e:P11:S01
2025-05-16	Operations at existing dams	The report describes operational control through existing barrages and dams, including maintenance that coincided with a brief downstream flow drop.	PK_c0d67e90:P19:S01
2025-08-25	Operations at existing dams	It identifies release control and maintenance at existing barrages or dams as means that can alter downstream flow in the short term.	PK_e72898e1:P26:S02 PK_e72898e1:P28:S01
2025-08-28	Operations at existing dams	Identifies operational changes to Indian dams and reservoirs—abrupt releases or reduced outflows—as the physical means of altering downstream flows.
2025-07-30	Faster hydropower project construction	The report identifies fast-tracked hydropower plants, including planned projects on the Chenab, as the principal physical means for greater Indian control.
2025-11-12	Faster hydropower project construction	The report describes run-of-river hydroelectric plant designs whose works could raise the operating-pool level above specified pondage limits.
2025-08-13	Unspecified upstream flow control	Identifies excessive upstream diversions and extreme upstream damming as means that can reduce or disrupt downstream flows.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-23	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.
2025-04-23	India's decision to suspend the treaty	The report relies on decisions of India's Cabinet Committee on Security and on accounts attributed to foreign-ministry-linked sources.
2025-05-06	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2026-05-16	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.
2025-05-03	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.	IN_40cd5d58:P08:S03 IN_40cd5d58:P08:S01
2025-04-26	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.
2026-06-05	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.
2025-04-27	India's decision to suspend the treaty	Relies chiefly on named Indian ministers, ministry spokespeople or official communications.	IN_7d9cff26:P02:S04
2025-04-25	Water or legal experts	Relies chiefly on water, engineering or international-law specialists.
2025-05-10	Water or legal experts	Relies chiefly on water, engineering or international-law specialists.
2025-04-24	Water or legal experts	Relies chiefly on water, engineering or international-law specialists.
2025-09-05	Water or legal experts	Relies chiefly on water, engineering or international-law specialists.
2025-05-05	Water or legal experts	Relies principally on the Indus River System Authority Advisory Committee, chaired by Sahibzada Muhammad Shabbir, for assessments of Chenab flows and seasonal shortages. Notes: The IRSA Advisory Committee is normalized here as a specialist water authority; local residents are also quoted later but are not the dominant source.
2025-07-31	Water or legal experts	Relies chiefly on water, engineering or international-law specialists.	IN_976567a5:P01:S07 IN_976567a5:P01:S10
2025-05-11	Water or legal experts	Relies chiefly on water, engineering or international-law specialists.
2025-04-23	Farmers and affected communities	Centres farmers, residents or communities exposed to water or infrastructure effects.
2025-04-25	Farmers and affected communities	Centres farmers, residents or communities exposed to water or infrastructure effects.	IN_6002926a:P22:S01 IN_6002926a:P07:S03 IN_6002926a:P18:S02
2025-05-15	Farmers and affected communities	Centres farmers, residents or communities exposed to water or infrastructure effects.
2025-05-09	Farmers and affected communities	Centres farmers, residents or communities exposed to water or infrastructure effects.	IN_88108f00:P01:S06
2025-04-24	Farmers and affected communities	Centres farmers, residents or communities exposed to water or infrastructure effects.
2025-04-25	The article's editorial voice	Advances its analysis mainly in the article's own editorial voice.
2026-07-04	Several kinds of authorities	The report relies on the Indian foreign ministry and Pakistan's deputy prime minister Ishaq Dar.

report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-25	River-flow or flood data	Identifies formal hydrological, release or flood-data sharing as stopped, with occasional diplomatic alerts outside the treaty channel.
2025-05-10	River-flow or flood data	Identifies formal hydrological, release or flood-data sharing as stopped, with occasional diplomatic alerts outside the treaty channel.
2025-04-24	River-flow or flood data	Identifies formal hydrological, release or flood-data sharing as stopped, with occasional diplomatic alerts outside the treaty channel.
2025-09-05	River-flow or flood data	Identifies formal hydrological, release or flood-data sharing as stopped, with occasional diplomatic alerts outside the treaty channel.
2025-05-06	Several treaty mechanisms stopped	Identifies several mechanisms as disrupted, including data exchange, commission contact, notice or dispute participation.
2025-07-31	Several treaty mechanisms stopped	Identifies several mechanisms as disrupted, including data exchange, commission contact, notice or dispute participation.	IN_976567a5:P01:S05 IN_976567a5:P01:S06
2025-04-23	Permanent Indus Commission meetings	Identifies Permanent Indus Commission meetings or commission-level contact as suspended.	IN_19b4031e:P01:S07
2025-04-25	Permanent Indus Commission meetings	Identifies Permanent Indus Commission meetings or commission-level contact as suspended.	IN_6002926a:P26:S01 IN_6002926a:P03:S01
2026-05-16	Participation in dispute proceedings	Identifies India's participation in arbitration or Neutral Expert proceedings as halted, while proceedings continued.
2025-05-03	Project notices and information sharing	Identifies prior project notices or project-information exchange as no longer operating normally.	IN_40cd5d58:P05:S01 IN_40cd5d58:P05:S03
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report source	quoted text	original
2025-04-25	India's suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty means it is pausing its treaty obligations in response to Pakistan's alleged support for terrorism.
2025-04-23	In the wake of the deadly terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir's Pahalgam that claimed 26 lives, India on Wednesday announced a series of sweeping diplomatic and strategic countermeasures against Pakistan.
2025-04-23	इनमें एक फैसला 1960 की सिंधु जल संधि को तत्काल प्रभाव से रोकने का लिया गया, जब तक कि पाकिस्तान सीमा पार आतंकवाद के लिए अपना समर्थन नहीं छोड़ देता।
2025-04-23	What suspension of the Treaty means
2025-05-10	However, the Indus Waters Treaty stays suspended as India's stance on terrorism remains the same."This is a conditional ceasefire on kinetic action.
2025-04-24	India can stop sharing flood data on the rivers and it could prove detrimental to Pakistan, said India’s Indus Water Commissioner for over six years
2025-04-25	In effect, the Treaty is now in limbo.
2025-04-26	For over six decades, the treaty has stood as a rare testament to the resilience of rules-based diplomacy in South Asia.
2026-06-05	More than a year after the treaty's suspension, the dam's gates continue to remain closed.
2026-07-04	उन्होंने कहा कि पाकिस्तान द्वारा सीमा पार आतंकवाद को निरंतर समर्थन दिए जाने के जवाब में सिंधु जल संधि फिलहाल स्थगित है।
2025-05-15	However, Pakistan's refusal to rein in the terrorists has knocked the very premise underpinning the treaty.”
2025-05-09	The Chenab River holds significant importance for Pakistan's agricultural sector.
2025-05-11	Experts say India is expected to push Pakistan to renegotiate the treaty given the current context.
2025-04-24	What is the Indus Waters Treaty?

report source	quoted text	original
2025-04-25	India's suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty means it is pausing its treaty obligations in response to Pakistan's alleged support for terrorism.
2025-04-25	पहलगाम आतंकी हमले के बाद से भारत सरकार लगातार एक्शन मोड में है.
2025-04-23	In the wake of the deadly terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir's Pahalgam that claimed 26 lives, India on Wednesday announced a series of sweeping diplomatic and strategic countermeasures against Pakistan.
2025-04-23	इनमें एक फैसला 1960 की सिंधु जल संधि को तत्काल प्रभाव से रोकने का लिया गया, जब तक कि पाकिस्तान सीमा पार आतंकवाद के लिए अपना समर्थन नहीं छोड़ देता।
2025-04-23	The CCS recorded its appreciation for such sentiments, which reflect zero tolerance for terrorism," Misri said.
2026-05-16	India placed the IWT in abeyance in April 2025 following the Pahalgam terror attack, in which 26 civilians were killed in Jammu and Kashmir.
2025-05-03	The impacts of global warming and ongoing support for terrorism in Kashmir have further exacerbated tensions.
2025-04-24	The move on Wednesday (April 23, 2025) after the killing of 26 persons, including tourists, in Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir on Tuesday (April 23, 2025).
2025-04-25	Putting the Treaty “in abeyance” was low-hanging fruit for the Modi government.
2026-06-05	As the IWT enters its second year in abeyance, the situation underscores the hardening of India's diplomatic and strategic posture, linking regional stability and resource management directly to the issue of state-sponsored terrorism.
2026-07-04	उन्होंने कहा कि पाकिस्तान द्वारा सीमा पार आतंकवाद को निरंतर समर्थन दिए जाने के जवाब में सिंधु जल संधि फिलहाल स्थगित है।
2025-05-15	That is why we persisted with it despite the fact that it was flawed and loaded against India.
2025-05-09	Here's a reality check Prime Minister Modi has stated that India will utilise its rightful water resources.
2025-07-31	India has floated an international tender, which shows a definitive shift in its strategy on the Indus Water System.India's premier Centre-owned agency for hydropower development, the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), on July 29 invited international tenders for the 1,856-MW Sawalkote Hydroelectric Power Project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir.Following the suspension of the IWT in April after the terror attack in Pahalgam, India is now moving to harness a western river, previously allocated to Pakistan under the treaty, to maximise its hydropower potential.
2025-04-24	The move is among the five big punitive actions taken by New Delhi against Islamabad in the wake of the terror attack.

report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-24	Immediate or within days	Says reservoir filling, previously limited to August, could occur at any time while the treaty is in abeyance.
2025-05-05	Immediate or within days	Reports a sudden reduction in Chenab flow after reduced Indian supplies and a marked fall in river level after dam gates were closed, placing the effect on an immediate timescale.
2025-07-31	Immediate or within days	The report claims that operations at existing dams had already produced a sharp downstream flow reduction within weeks of the abeyance.	IN_976567a5:P01:S10
2025-04-23	No immediate capacity to divert	The report says India could stop data sharing immediately but was not then in a position to stop water flows to Pakistan immediately.
2025-04-25	No immediate capacity to divert	The report says India cannot shut the flow immediately because it currently has no storage dams on the western rivers.	IN_6002926a:P06:S04
2025-04-25	Several years of construction	The report says India lacks the infrastructure for an immediate material reduction and that a major effect on Pakistan's water supply would take years.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-05-16	No immediate capacity to divert	Says the suspension is not expected to change flows immediately because India lacks sufficient storage capacity.	PK_0fdf659a:P17:S01
2025-05-16	No immediate capacity to divert	The report says no immediate flow impact was expected because India lacked sufficient storage capacity.	PK_c0d67e90:P17:S01
2025-08-25	No immediate capacity to divert	The report says India lacks enough storage capacity for an immediate sustained flow impact, while separately noting a brief sharp fall during maintenance work. Notes: The brief maintenance-related drop is treated as a transient exception, not evidence of immediate sustained control.	PK_e72898e1:P26:S01 PK_e72898e1:P26:S02
2025-04-24	Several years of construction	The report says India cannot materially dent high-season flows immediately and that large-scale dams or diversions capable of greater control would take years to build.	PK_21f78b4d:P12:S02 PK_21f78b4d:P16:S02 PK_21f78b4d:P16:S04
2025-05-03	Several years of construction	The report says acquiring the infrastructure needed to divert the waters would take years and billions.	PK_31b2f65d:P04:S06
2025-08-28	Immediate or within days	Reports abrupt dam releases and reduced reservoir outflows soon after the abeyance, indicating that downstream flows could be altered immediately or within days.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-23	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	The report says India wanted to replace the 64-year-old treaty and negotiate a new agreement on use of the Indus waters.
2025-05-06	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2025-04-25	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.
2025-05-03	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.	IN_40cd5d58:P18:S01 IN_40cd5d58:P13:S02 IN_40cd5d58:P15:S01
2025-04-25	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.	IN_6002926a:P24:S02 IN_6002926a:P10:S02
2025-05-15	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.
2025-05-09	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.	IN_88108f00:P01:S12
2025-05-11	Renegotiate or replace the treaty	Calls for renegotiation, modification or replacement of the existing treaty framework.	IN_c0d0b50e:P04:S04
2025-04-23	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.
2025-04-23	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.	IN_2b7b7ff4:P11:S01
2025-05-10	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.
2025-04-24	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.
2025-04-26	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.
2025-09-05	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.
2025-04-24	Diplomacy and third-party mediation	Advocates diplomacy, international pressure, mediation or renewed dialogue.
2026-06-05	Treaty restoration or compliance	Calls for India to restore normal treaty operation and comply fully with its obligations.	IN_751abcf4:P01:S07
2025-07-31	Treaty restoration or compliance	Calls for India to restore normal treaty operation and comply fully with its obligations.	IN_976567a5:P01:S05
2026-07-04	Another proposed response	The Indian government says Pakistan must credibly and irreversibly renounce support for cross-border terrorism.
2026-05-16	Arbitration or other legal action	Advocates treaty arbitration, neutral-expert proceedings or other international legal action.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-05-06	Shortages for irrigation water	Emphasizes reduced irrigation supply or seasonal water shortages in Pakistan's canal system.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2025-04-25	Shortages for irrigation water	Emphasizes reduced irrigation supply or seasonal water shortages in Pakistan's canal system.
2025-05-09	Shortages for irrigation water	Emphasizes reduced irrigation supply or seasonal water shortages in Pakistan's canal system.
2025-05-05	Shortages for irrigation water	Reports a projected 21% water shortage during the remaining early Kharif season and a 7% shortage during late Kharif, threatening irrigation-season supply.	IN_9731ae76:P01:S13
2025-04-24	Shortages for irrigation water	Emphasizes reduced irrigation supply or seasonal water shortages in Pakistan's canal system.
2025-05-10	Hydropower and economic effects	Emphasizes risks to hydropower generation, food prices or the wider economy.	IN_4139ed7e:P01:S01
2025-09-05	Hydropower and economic effects	Emphasizes risks to hydropower generation, food prices or the wider economy.
2025-05-15	Hydropower and economic effects	Emphasizes risks to hydropower generation, food prices or the wider economy.
2025-05-03	Several water-security risks	Links several risks across farming, drinking water, power, food security and the economy.	IN_40cd5d58:P06:S01 IN_40cd5d58:P14:S03
2025-07-31	Several water-security risks	Links several risks across farming, drinking water, power, food security and the economy.
2025-04-25	No major near-term effect	Says major near-term harm is limited because total flows cannot yet be substantially controlled.
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report	answer	annotation notes	original
2025-04-25	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.
2025-04-23	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.	IN_19b4031e:P01:S07
2025-05-03	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.	IN_40cd5d58:P15:S01
2025-04-26	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.
2026-06-05	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.	IN_751abcf4:P01:S03
2025-04-27	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.
2025-05-09	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.	IN_88108f00:P01:S02
2025-05-11	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.	IN_c0d0b50e:P04:S02 IN_c0d0b50e:P04:S04
2025-04-24	Risk of broader escalation	Emphasizes escalation in bilateral hostility, including warnings that water action could widen conflict.
2025-04-23	Cooperation and data sharing stopped	Emphasizes that formal data exchange, notices, commission work or other treaty cooperation stopped or was bypassed.	IN_2b7b7ff4:P10:S03 IN_2b7b7ff4:P14:S01 IN_2b7b7ff4:P10:S02
2025-05-10	Cooperation and data sharing stopped	Emphasizes that formal data exchange, notices, commission work or other treaty cooperation stopped or was bypassed.
2025-05-15	Cooperation and data sharing stopped	Emphasizes that formal data exchange, notices, commission work or other treaty cooperation stopped or was bypassed.
2025-05-06	Faster construction of Indian projects	Emphasizes faster Indian hydropower, storage, canal or diversion planning after treaty constraints were set aside.	IN_207df08d:P01:S04
2025-07-31	Faster construction of Indian projects	Emphasizes faster Indian hydropower, storage, canal or diversion planning after treaty constraints were set aside.	IN_976567a5:P01:S08
2025-04-24	Loss of flood warnings	Emphasizes reduced flood-warning lead time and the resulting danger from abrupt or poorly communicated releases.
2025-09-05	Loss of flood warnings	Emphasizes reduced flood-warning lead time and the resulting danger from abrupt or poorly communicated releases.
2026-05-16	Conflict over arbitration and law	Emphasizes continued arbitration and the clash between binding-award claims and India's rejection of jurisdiction.
2026-07-04	Conflict over arbitration and law	The report foregrounds the legal dispute created by India's abeyance and Pakistan's claim that the treaty remains valid and binding.
2025-04-25	Limited immediate effects on flows	Emphasizes that India lacks the storage or diversion capacity for a large immediate change in total downstream flow.	IN_2af9e114:P01:S05 IN_2af9e114:P01:S13
2025-04-25	Limited immediate effects on flows	Emphasizes that India lacks the storage or diversion capacity for a large immediate change in total downstream flow.	IN_6002926a:P26:S01 IN_6002926a:P06:S04
2025-05-05	Water and crop risks in Pakistan	Emphasizes the risk of substantial seasonal water shortages for Pakistan, especially during the early Kharif period.	IN_9731ae76:P01:S13
	did not answer

report source	quoted text	original
2025-05-15	“There is no provision in the treaty to allow for suspension.
2025-05-16	What is Indus Waters Treaty?
2025-05-01	The erosion of treaty sanctity is a double-edged sword.
2025-04-24	How the treaty works
2025-04-24	India had extended the notice by invoking Article 12 of the Indus Waters Treaty.
2025-04-23	Indus Waters Treaty remains suspended despite ceasefire between Pakistan and India, sources say
2025-06-27	The ruling addresses recent developments, including India’s declaration in April 2025 that the treaty would be held “in abeyance.”
2025-05-03	Undoubtedly, the Treaty has a strong legal framework.
2026-07-01	He said Pakistan was also entitled under the treaty to inspect the project.
2025-06-21	The treaty had guaranteed water access for 80% of Pakistan's farms through three rivers originating in India.
2026-03-04	Pakistan’s stance is right, just and fully in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty.
2026-06-21	Indian overture to alter Indus Water Treaty
2025-09-03	Risk of Illegal Countermeasure:
2026-06-07	A Treaty on the Brink
2025-06-22	Pakistan called on India to cancel its decision and fully restore the implementation of the treaty without delay.
2025-04-29	“The waters of the Indus River System remain a lifeline for Pakistan’s 240 million people,” he said, underscoring the strategic and humanitarian importance of preserving the treaty.
2025-11-12	According to the statement, it also found that its clarifications would have the same binding effect as the original award.
2025-11-12	There is no provision in the treaty for either country to unilaterally suspend or terminate the pact, which has clear dispute resolution systems.
2025-05-15	اسلام آباد(مانیٹرنگ ڈیسک)عالمی بینک کے صدر نے کہا ہے کہ سندھ طاس معاہدے کو معطل کرنے کی کوئی گنجائش نہیں، اس معاہدے کو دونوں فریقین کی مرضی سے ختم اس میں ترمیم تو کی جا سکتی ہے مگر یکطرفہ طور پر معطل نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔
2025-05-16	Pakistan's reaction to treaty suspension
2025-08-13	Sticking with the treaty should not be an option.
2025-04-30	Aqeel Malik, the Minister of State for Law and Justice, told Reuters that Islamabad was working on plans for at least three different legal options, including raising the issue at the World Bank -- the treaty’s facilitator, a British wire service reported.

report source	quoted text	original
2025-04-24	By suspending the treaty and acting unilaterally, it sets a precedent that could one day be used against it.
2025-05-15	India suspended treaty immediately after Pahalgam attack in held Kashmir in April
2025-05-16	It has also sought modification of the pact to get around such delays.
2025-07-30	Within days of saying India would halt its participation in the treaty, Prime Minister Narendra Modi instructed his ministries to fast-track long-stalled infrastructure projects on the western rivers of Chenab, Jhelum and Indus.
2025-05-01	The Indus still flows, and its allocation remains unchanged.
2025-04-23	Prime Minister Modi condemned the killings as a “heinous act” and vowed a decisive response.
2025-06-30	There is no provision in the treaty for either country to unilaterally suspend or terminate the pact, which has clear dispute resolution systems.
2025-06-27	There is no provision in the treaty for either country to unilaterally suspend or terminate the pact, which has clear dispute resolution systems.
2025-06-27	There is no provision in the treaty for either country to unilaterally suspend or terminate the pact, which has clear dispute resolution systems.
2026-07-01	These efforts seek to underscore Pakistan’s position that the treaty remains fully valid, binding and operational and cannot be suspended or terminated unilaterally.
2025-06-21	The latest comments from Shah, the most powerful cabinet minister in Prime Minister Narendra Modi's cabinet, have dimmed Islamabad's hopes for negotiations on the treaty in the near term.
2026-06-21	The announcement, which followed the Pahalgam terror attack that India blamed on Pakistan.
2025-09-03	However, India’s recent decision to unilaterally suspend the treaty following the Pahalgam attack (June 2025) marks a dangerous escalation in the use of water as a geopolitical weapon.
2026-06-07	Leghari cautioned that unilateral changes to long-standing water-sharing arrangements could undermine confidence in international water treaties globally, particularly in regions where major rivers cross national boundaries.
2025-06-22	According to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, IWT is not a political arrangement but an international treaty that does not allow unilateral actions
2026-05-23	The only way to stop it operating would be for both India and Pakistan to agree that it should no longer continue in force.India’ unilateral action is a violation of the UN Laws of Treaty.
2025-04-29	On Monday, Mr Dar condemned India’s move as a “unilateral and illegal” action that contravenes international law, established norms of inter-state relations, and the treaty’s provisions.
2025-11-12	On September 19, Pakistan initiated an arbitration against India under the provisions of the IWT, which India suspended unilaterally following a four-day conflict between the two countries in May.
2025-11-12	There is no provision in the treaty for either country to unilaterally suspend or terminate the pact, which has clear dispute resolution systems.
2025-05-16	It has also sought modification of the pact to get around such delays.
2025-08-25	It has also sought modification of the pact to get around such delays.
2025-08-28	This alleged lapse in information sharing is particularly alarming given India’s unilateral decision on April 23, 2025, to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty.

report source	quoted text	original
2026-05-16	So the details of the pondage award were unavailable.
2025-05-03	In January 2023, India first communicated its intention to amend the IWT as Pakistan failed to adhere to the dispute resolution mechanism built into the treaty; instead, it unilaterally approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague complaining about two hydropower projects in J&K — the Kishanganga and Ratle.
2026-06-05	New Delhi maintains it never recognised the court, and considers all its proceedings and decisions null and void.

report source	quoted text	original
2025-11-12	The ministry noted that the Neutral Expert has ruled that India’s non-participation could not operate as a bar to the proceedings going forward.
2025-06-30	Supplemental award vindicates Pakistan’s position that IWT remains valid and operational, says FO
2025-06-27	The Hauge court says IWT continues in force until terminated with the mutual consent of India and Pakistan
2025-05-03	Ignoring the Neutral Expert Raymond Lafitte’s verdict, India proceeded with the project and made it operational in 2016.
2026-07-01	They believe such a position strengthens Pakistan’s standing in any future legal, arbitration or multilateral proceedings concerning the agreement.
2025-11-12	It stated these clarifications to be outside the scope of its award.
2025-08-25	Key win in the Hague court

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